
Law, Disease 



AND 



Human Progress 




By L. ROSENTHAL, M. D. 



PRICE TWENTY-FIVE CENTS 



Law, Disease 

and Human 

Progress 

m 



COPYRIGHTED, 1914 

By L. Rosenthal, M. D. 

PITTSBURGH, PA. 



HH64 



^8* 



INDEX. 



Pages 

Introduction 3 

False Assumption by Spencer and Others That Over Popu- 
lation Has Crowded Man's Food Supply, and Will 

Continue To Do So 1 

Man's Natural Enemies Not Man 16 

How Nature Selects Life 17 

Favorable and Unfavorable Natural Laws 23 

Individual Rights Over Property. Real and Personal 28 

All Forms of Life are Subject to the Same Laws of Devel- 
opment 

Order of Human Development 30 

Acts of Chance and Conscious Acts Further Discussed 32 

What is Meant by Design in Nature 34 

Further Discussion of Natures Methods of Selecting Life. . . 35 

Greater Intelligence Can Produce Greater Human Fitness. . 43 

What is the Hope of Human Achievement 48 

The Merit System 51 

Slave Co-operation of Insect Life Due to the Difference in 

their Physical and Physiological Characters 55 

Greater Need for Systematic Co-operation by the Establish- 
ment of an Industrial Commonwealth 57 

Mass Action and the Workers 61 

Political Action and Industrial Action 63 

Why Working Class Co-operation and Organization is Dis- 
couraged , . 65 

-Why Human Co-operation is Opposed to Human Anarchy. . 66 

What Individual Anarchism Means 67 

Bases of Law — Criminal. Civil and Moral 70 

False Value of Man to Man Competition 77 

Competition Between Merit and Merit, and Not Between 

Wealth Power and Ignorant Weakness 89 

Political. Religious, Industrial and Social Customs Not 

Always Controlled by Reason 92 

The Spirit of Aggression and The Spirit of Resistance.... 98 

Conclusion 106 



W 13 1914 &^- 

©CLA371857 



iu 



/ 




It is not the intention of the writer of this essay to 
make it a scientific monograph. If one is of an analytical 
turn of mind, there are many splendid philosophical and 
scientific works which can easily be obtained, written 
by some of the world's best thinkers, who have dealt 
thoroughly in detail with all the general facts herein 
stated. 

Those who are familiar with biology, physi- 
ology or psychology, in order to satisfy the cravings for 
more facts pertaining to statements made in this essay, 
will find many excellent works by such famous writers 
and scientists as Linneaus, Lamarck, Romanes, Huber, 
Comte, Spencer, Haeckel, Darwin, Huxley, Marx, Lester 
Ward, Kropotkin, Wheeler, Lubbock and many others. 

I am more than anxious not to burden the reader 
with the scientific detail pertaining to many general 
statements herein made, for if one were to become ana- 
lytical on the various subjects treated in this essay, then 
not an essay would be required such as this is, but many 
volumes would have to be written. However, if one is 
further interested, as I have said before, there can readily 
be found full information in the text books relating to 
such matters. 

The attempt of this little work is to add by me, as 
far as it is possible, my emphasis of what I see to be the 
truth. It is impossible to beautify natural truths; exag- 
geration will not do it. To me the truths of nature are 
so profound and wonderful that they need no exaggera- 
tion. Fiction and miracles, concoctions of the human 
mind, cannot begin to compare to the real actual wonders 

3 



Introduction. 



and surprises of natural truth, which are about us every- 
where and which are being enacted during every minute 
of our existence. Truth is, indeed, stranger than 
fiction! 

Our ignorance of the presence and detail actions of 
these wonderful manifestations, is the cause of the lack 
of surprise and wonder we show towards them. We can- 
not exaggerate them if we will, for if we try, we only 
distort the true pictures into perverted and ugly images 
of what is about us. To know that the sun, which gives 
us light and heat, is one million times larger than our 
earth, and that there are other suns, or stars, five hun- 
dred thousand times larger than our sun ; and that our 
sun is only one star of many millions ; and that the near- 
est star or sun to our sun is twenty five trillion miles 
away, is knowledge that makes us dumb with amaze- 
ment at the immensity and sublimity of nature. Truth 
opens our eyes and minds to the infinitude of nature. 
The ignorance of man for centuries and centuries has 
ridiculed the sublime creation of our existence. While 
truth solves the problems of life, truth also solves the 
problems of death. 

So, our poor efforts, in trying to understand Nature 
God, Creation and Destiny are not buoyed or sustained to 
higher truths by the exaggerated superstitious fancies of 
those minds which are devoid of actual truths; but on 
the contrary, we fall into dreamy unrealities thru 
superstitious ignorance, which act upon our senses like 
a sleeping potion or narcotic acts upon the mind of one 
already half in slumber. 

Materlink has well said, "There is nothing more in- 
teresting or beautiful than the truth, or the effort one 
is able to make towards the truth." 

The people are beginning to realize more and more 
every day that truth, can only solve the great problems 
of life. Physical and mental poverty with their off- 



Introduction. 



springs; poverty, disease and vice such as prostitution, 
crimes against the person, alcoholism, etc., are 
caused in 90 per cent of all cases from a lack of know- 
ing the truth, or the inability of enforcing measures, so 
as mankind could benefit by the truth. 

Human beings who commit acts and crimes so vio- 
lent as to need hospital or prison restraint, and those 
individuals who commit acts slightly insane and known 
as eccentrics, neurasthenics, alcoholics, epileptics and 
degenerates and who fill our prisons, ninety per cent of 
all these are the direct and indirect results of not know- 
ing the truth of the causes that produce them, or the 
inability to apply truth measures to remedy them. 

Ninety per cent of all the criminals serving sentences 
for crime in the United States and England are due to 
acts committed for profit or want. 

Ninety per cent of all PUBLIC prostitution is com- 
mitted for profit, only about ten per cent is due to de- 
generacy. 

If truth is blinded, how can she show the way to cure 
such human ills? Truth alone can give the knowledge 
which can show the way to uproot the causes of human 
poverty and ignorance, which are the direct products of 
vices, such as disease, degeneration, prostitution for 
profit, alcoholism and in return their resulting offsprings, 
crime and insanity. As the soil of the earth determines 
the growth of the plant, so environment determines the 
mental and physical growth of the human being. 

Preachers and teachers who try to remove the ef- 
fects of poverty and vice that produce human demorali- 
zation, without regard to the morality of natural truth, 
the basis of all human misery or happiness, are either in- 
sane, ignorant or hypocrites. Or they are of that class 
that believe it is expedient for the public benefit to teach 
certain untruths. 

Those devout brothers that profess a religion of 



Introduction. 



compassion, love, pity and tenderness for their fellow 
men, yet create at the same time a hell's fire for very 
man, woman and child who do not believe as they do, 
are not seekers after the truth, but are in most cases 
creatures seeking profit by blinding the eyes of truth to 
human exploitation. 

As the buzzard is a bird scavenger, living off the 
decayed flesh of the dead, so false teachers and preachers 
are scavengers who live off the flesh and blood of their 
fellow men. 

Xot to further waste time in idle and abstract specu- 
lation as to the value of natural truths, we will leave off 
our musings and begin the discussion that deals with 
man and his struggle to live. 



L. ROSENTHAL, M. D. 



False Assumption by Spencer and Others That 

Over Population Has Crowded Man's 

Food Supply and Will Continue 

To Do So 

In a recent article on the high cost of living, birth 
rates and over population by C. E. Woodruff, M.D. of 
U. S. Navy, he states that Malthus proved there was 
a tendency for the population of the world to increase in 
a geometrical ratio, and therefore crowd the food supply. 
"Malthus' fears," Dr. Woodruff states, "were groundless. 
The future over population, which Malthus dreaded, was 
then present, and it required a Darwin to show that the 
very basis of evolution of better things of all kinds, is 
this over population, which forces a struggle for exist- 
ence, permitting only the best fitted to survive, and the 
lessor or non-fit to finally die; if not in this generation, 
to disappear in a future one. 

The more prosperous and higher the social layer of 
those who make their own living, the smaller number of 
children they have. The clergy and nobility are - ex- 
cepted, as their numerous offspring are raised by money 
contributed by the producer." 

Woodruff continues further, by stating, that the 
higher types of the proletariat, or those classes success- 
ful in business, or other pursuits of life, tend to die out : 
as the birth rate of this class is too small, and the race is 
kept in existence by those families who have more than 
enough children of their class. Therefore, the human 
race, he contends, can survive only because there is a 
general tendency to reproduce more than enough people, 
and then this excess of population compete with each 



8 Distress and Poverty. 

other for existence. This is the chief reason, he claims, 
that socialistic schemes for ending poverty and distress 
have failed and will always fail. — even while the general 
state of the efficient is constantly improving. 

Whether Dr. Woodruff arrived at the above con- 
clusions independently, or borrowed his ideas from Spen- 
cer, I do not know ; however, Spencer, in the Second 
volume of his Principles of Biology, in the chapter per- 
taining to the ''Laws of Multiplication" and ''Human 
Population in the Future," states, "In all cases, pressure 
of population is the original cause for the struggle for 
existence. Were it not for the competition this entails, 
more thought and energy would not daily be spent on 
the business of life ; and growth of mental power would 
not take place. Difficulty in getting a living is alike the 
incentive to a higher education of children and to a more 
intense and long continued application in adults, in their 
various pursuits. In the mother it prompts foresight, 
economy and skillful housekeeping ; in the father, labor- 
ious days and constant denial. Nothing but necessity 
could make men submit to this discipline, and nothing 
but discipline could produce a continued progression. n 

In the same section, on "Laws of Multiplication and 
Human Population in the Future," Spencer contradicts 
the above statement bv another, which bv all means is 
the true one: it is as follows: "EVEN WHEN RE- 
LIEVED FROM THE PRESSURE OF NECESSITY, 
LARGE BRAIXED EUROPEANS VOLUNTARILY 
ENTER UPON ENTERPRISES AND ACTIVITIES 
WHICH THE SAVAGE COULD NOT KEEP UP. 
EVEN TO SATISFY URGENT WANTS." 

In other words, this last statement of Spencer's 
means, that it is the intelligent self expression in man 
which dominates his surroundings, and forces him to 



Self Expression. 



work, labor and produce, even when there is no direct 
necessity for him to do so. This is because man desires 
to receive the approbation of his fellow man, be he king 
or pauper, honest or dishonest, he strives to gain the 
recognition, appreciation and laudation of the class to 
which he belongs. 

The work of a Darwin, Spencer, Huxley, Goethe, 
Pasteur, Wagner, Stevenson, Burbank and many thous- 
ands like them, were not produced because they needed 
food, shelter or clothing; they all possessed more than 
the mere necessities of life, even from the cradle. It was 
the great natural desire of these intelligent brains, that 
prompted them to do things. If Spencer, Darwin, Lile, 
Agassiz had had to struggle for their mere existence, 
they would never have had time to produce and give to 
the world what they did. Nine out of every ten of the 
great minds in the world's history, were those of men 
and women above want, and the greatest minds which 
gave the most enduring benefits to man, were modern 
peaceful minds trained to peaceful human pursuits. 

The theory of Spencer, in his "Principles of Biol- 
ogy," that the pressure of population, or the over crowd- 
ing of humanity, is the cause of the great human struggle 
for existence, is again contradicted by him. It reads as 
follows : 

"Through man's increased intelligence, the repro- 
ductive power of man, and the world's future popula- 
tion will decline naturally from physiological reasons." 
The cause, he contends, being due to the greater amount 
of nutritive matter being necessary to feed a highly de- 
veloped, functionating, growing brain and nervous sys- 
tem, which will deprive the reproductive organs of the 
individual of the necessary amount of nutritive matter to 
produce many offspring. 

However, Dr. Woodruff, taking only one side of the 
Spencerian view of the struggle for existence, contends, 



10 Excess of Deaths over Births. 

""That it is now acknowledged that ever since primitive 
man picked up his first club, or stone., as a tool to help 
him get food and shelter to survive, he has been constant- 
ly improving those tools to get more of that food and 
shelter. Labor saving machines are the result of our 
•labor competition, due to over population. The sweat 
shop worker, bending over an electrically driven sewing 

.machine, works just as hard and long as the needle 
woman of a century ago, and gets just as much of the 

-necessaries of survival in exchange for an hour's work. 
But, each worker, in the main, is as poor as ever. His 
own needs are more, and if his labor is very valuable, 
there are competitors who would overbid him for his 

job." 

Woodruff contends, that the whole economic 
struggle is brought about by the excessive population, 
which produces an unemployed class, thru excess 
of births over deaths, and which excess compete with the 
workers for their job, and that as new inventions and 
appliances are brought into use, the increase product 
thus produced is as quickly disseminated by the increase 
of the world's population, who use up the excess thus 
produced. 

The contention of Spencer, Huxley, Woodruff and 
many others is, that by the process of natural selection, 
a survival of the fittest class, in the main, is produced, 
through a competitive struggle between man and man 
to get the necessary food, shelter and clothing, where- 
by only the chosen of nature shall continue to live and 
all others die. It will be my endeavor in the following 
pages to prove that this assumption is not true, that 
man's struggle against man for life's necessities prevented 
human progress from advancing for thousands of years. 

However, Hecht calls attention to the fact "That in 
neither the modern human biologic nor eugenic concep- 
tion of human fitness, is there room for the doctrine of. 



"On the Natural Inequality of Man." U 

'The Survival Of The Fittest/' made classic by Spencer. 
It has been proven by many good observers such as 
Balfour and others, that human mental defectives tend to 
increase in number and life expectancy. Then, in the 
terms of the bare biologic survival standard of fitness, 
the defectives would prove themselves the more fit." It 
is a notorious fact that epileptics breed as readily if not 
more so than normal human beings. This is true of 
many other kind of defectives. 

The main contention of the Spencerian Philosophy 
and others of the old school is, that in the struggle for 
existence man must necessarily be pitted against man 
for the necessities of life, and only those that can fight, 
crush, kill or grind others of their kind to death or slav- 
ery, shall continue as the only real worthy human sur- 
vivors of the fittest. 

Huxley, in one of his essays entitled, "On the Natur- 
al Inequality of Men" holds with Spencer and others, 
that the struggle for existence is due to over population, 
and that this over population must continue to struggle 
against each other for the necessities of life. Huxley 
saying, "According to him (Huxley referring to the great 
philosopher Hobbes) the total habitable and cultivatable 
land amounts to a definite number of square miles, 
which, by no effort of human ingenuity, at present 
known or suspected, can be sensibly increased beyond 
the area of that part of the globe which is not covered 
by earth and water; and, therefore, its quantity is lim- 
ited. But, if the land is limited, so is the quantity of 
trees that will grow on it ; of the cattle that can be past- 
ured on it; of the minerals that can be dug from it; of 
the wind and water power afforded by the limited 
streams that flow from the heights. And if the human 
race were to go on increasing in number at its present 
rate, the time would come when there would not be 



12 Surviving Man's Superiority? 

standing ground for any more ; if it were not that, long 
before that time, they would have eaten up the limited 
quantity of food stuff and died like the locusts that have 
consumed everything eatable in an oasis of the desert.'' 

The position that Spencer, Huxley, Woodruff and 
others assume with regard to this question, is based 
upon the false assumption, that surviving man's superi- 
ority depended, in the past, on man's competition with 
man, and that from this false assumption conclusions 
were drawn, that future man's superiority must depend 
upon man's struggle against man. The cry for over 
fifty years by some of our greatest thinkers, has been 
that the struggle for life has been due to over popula- 
tion. Isn't it a remarkable fact, that men fought each 
other, when there were hundreds of thousands of culti- 
vable acres for each man, if they would have only known 
how to use them? Isn't it a remarkable fact, that in the 
last 75 years the world has doubled in population; and, 
yet, at the present time most every one can be fed, 
clothed and sheltered easier and with greater security 
than ever before known? 

The time when the earth cannot produce sufficient 
to feed this supposed over population, has not yet ar- 
rived ; yet, we continue to fight like animals for our 
necessities. When that time of actual human over crowd- 
ing comes, if it ever does, man, with his remarkable in- 
telligence, will easily be able to regulate the population, 
by regulating the births, so that there will be more than 
plenty for the needs of every living individual. 

If we should admit that the future holds in store 
danger to the race from over population, would an intelli- 
gent modern people permit such overcrowding, where 
murder and starvation would be the remedy for such 
ills? 

Would the common sense of modernism permit an 
excess of human offsprings to come into the world to 



Murder, Strife and Human Progress. 13 

suffer degeneration, by men fighting, murdering and de- 
grading one another, in a wild scramble for the food 
that was not sufficient to go around? 

Would not the future generations of mankind out of 
self preservation regulate human population by sane, 
safe and harmless scientific measures, so that murder and 
constant strife would not be the instruments used to get 
that food that was found to be insufficient for all. 

For every human seed that reaches its destiny in 
becoming a living being, millions are lost that never 
reach that goal. 

Would it not then be reasonable to suppose, if de- 
struction from over population threatened man's exist- 
ence, that it would be wise for him to regulate even that 
seed ? Would not this kind of regulation in the end pre- 
serve those living and develop a human race well worthy 
of the name? 

Many states have already started to regulate births 
by passing laws preventing unfits from further propa- 
gating. It has been proven over and over again that the 
unfit degenerate mental and physical, propagate more 
freely than the highly developed, even when no means 
are used to prevent conception by the developed. 

The present millions of unfits who now propagate 
so freely and without any hindrance whatsoever could 
very easily be prevented from doing so. 

There is a simple operation which if performed law- 
fully and under proper medical supervision, that would 
prevent millions of unfit from propagating. The method 
used is harmless to the individual so treated. 

W T ar, at times, has made it necessary for nations and 
races, for self preservation, to sacrifice many millions of 
their men and women. Whether this tremendous loss 
of life in the past was entailed thru those who at- 
tacked others, for the sake of conquest, greed or glory, 
or whether the loss was entailed bv those who were com- 



14 Human Fitness and Disease. 

pelled to protect their lives and homes from the be- 
siegers, is irrelevant. The purpose of the foregoing 
statements is to show a simile of what would occur if the 
future would threaten intelligent races with destruc- 
tion or extinction from over crowding. 

While science would try by even* means possible 
to increase the food supply of the future ; yet, if there 
were not sufficient food to preserve all humanity, then 
all thinking men must agree that it would be better to 
prevent the seeds of mankind from developing into too 
mam- beings, than it would be for war, murder, pestil- 
ence and famine to prevent and regulate them, as it has 
done in the past, and does to a great extent at present. 
In other -voids, if an excess of population would not be 
permitted, the alread}- developed beings would not be 
compelled to kill or starve others for existence. 

If the subject, that the excessive population of our 
world is the cause of man to man struggle for existence, 
is analyzed, there will be found more than sufficient evi- 
dence to prove that such a hypothesis is false. One 
may just as well assume that, in order to be fit to live. 
it woud be better for mankind to run the gauntlet in the 
struggle for life, by subjecting himself to the infection 
and contagion of all diseases, without doing anything to 
prevent them; drink foul water, eat diseased cattle. 
adulterated food, disregard hygiene and sanitation, pol- 
lute the system and subject the body to every infection, 
contagion and danger as primitive and savage man did 
unconsciously for thousands of years. Let competition 
by disease, without human intelligent interference, kill 
and carry off the weak, so that only the strong and fit 
shall survive! Such is the false, absurd and dangerous 
analog}- many would have you believe is necessary today 
in our human industrial world, where the masses are en- 
gaged in the struggle for the actual necessities of life. 
They tell us that this ignorant brute struggle is neces- 



The Strong and the Weak. 15 

sary to produce a strong, efficient and intelligent race of 
people. They would have you believe, that in order for 
man to succeed, man must fight man for the necessities 
of life; and that waste, disease, neglect and ignorance 
are the weapons which are the instruments of nature, 
necessary to produce a virile, fit and God-like people. 

By their ignorance of the true facts, these people 
are not aware that in many cases, some of the strongest 
arid most intelligent of the human race, are carried off 
by disease and accidents very often in advance of those 
less strong and healthy. 

The insignificant act of filtering and boiling the 
water we drink, saves hundreds of thousands of lives 
every year, and among those thus saved, there are thous- 
ands who remain, for years, fit and useful members of 
the communities in which they live. Yet the very act 
of contracting any disease is a sign of weakness which 
would ultimately destroy millions, but who are saved 
by the application of the little knowledge we have of 
nature. 

If two men were walking along the base of a cliff — - 
one strong, powerful, good and intelligent,— and by his 
side walked another not so intelligent, good or strong; 
and then, by chance, a stone which had been loosened by 
the rain and wind was to fall suddenly from above and 
strike the good, strong and intelligent one, killing him,, 
while the weaker one by his side remained unharmed, — 
should we assume that nature permitted the best fitted 
to live, and the least fitted to die because the weaker re- 
mained unharmed ? 

Unless one has a perverted sense of reason, logic 
and knowledge of the actual facts of life, I do not see- 
how they can reconcile such fortuitous circumstances 
which are continually occurring, one way or another, 
among human beings, as determining, that because, 
those remaining alive, or those successful in life, are 



1: 



Alien Life mi Man.. 



the most fit. Under other fortuitous circum- 
inces, those now considered fit. would become unfit, 
ad when may these circumstances affecting the indi- 

ivm :: n:e :::: ::me i'::v.: : A r.ev.- :r i rme :. seise 
:h is :he b -tonic :^. ' i::i:k m: kill m :he 

rong and powerful in many cases more quickly than 
e weak and sickly about them. It has been demon- 
rite i mmy times mm: :h : ":i-..- i::i:k::.: sm ires 
- ::: hm: time "ml in : 5: ex: : rm mm m 



mavs natural e: 



MIES. NOT MAN 



:r::::;- him it:: re lie e er 'rem: 



elopment of all human fevers 
ii as heart, liver, lung, kidney, bra 

:/-:: hm.m : mm :hi: hive :een :-.:: 
i poisoned wounds or indirectly acq 
1 kmrs =-.: mi . '.; : ::; h -:m 

vay brought about, was and is all tl 
a infection by vegetable or animal bac 
-hich have produced by their at 
en::: 1 m : . : -1 h "5. :ii ;hmr/es in the 



znr.ning" 



: : s : e m: e 



Of aU tl 

vrntmer mm. 
mmmt mi: 
"" mteriil life. 
night for ever 

mmmA mi : 

he -; : mm: : 



it hi r imermmei 
: : iie the :::: 5: :m- 
e ever presence of 
: elements in mm 
d cell, single nerve 
.hi? -.vh:le ~-'r."i:zi. 



Conscious Knowledge. 17 

From this basis of competition, I will try and prove 
that man's successful struggle against the past and pres- 
ent, has not been due to man to man competition, but in 
spite of it ; and that man's success as a race has been due 
to man to animal, man to vegetable and man to bacterial 
competition, with man remaining as the only conscious 
God-like survivor. 

It will be my endeavor to prove this proposition in 
the following part of this essay, and if I seemingly em- 
phasize certain statements by repetition of former re- 
marks, the reader will bear with me and pardon the 
same. 

HOW NATURE SELECTS LIFE. 

In order for the reader to understand what I mean 
in the following remarks, by competition between human 
beings, and the competition of human beings against 
other forms of life, we must necessarily deal with what is 
known as Natural Selection ; which for convenience of 
description can be divided into Unconscious Natural Se- 
lection, or Nature selecting life by the Laws of Chance, 
and Conscious Natural Selection, or those forms of life 
capable of selecting laws favorable to their existence, — 
known to us as consciousness, or conscious knowledge 
of laws pertaining to our existence. These expressions I 
will analyze further on. 

In studying the processes of Natural Selection, we 
must study how Nature selects those forms of life that 
are to live, and those forms which are to cease all con- 
tinuous living existence. 

Many of the great modern philosophers such as 
Darwin, Tyndall, Asa Gray, Spencer, Huxley and others, 
contended, that the manifestations of the natural laws 
are but the resulting products of force, matter and 
motion, producing in Nature a state of dynamic or static 
equilibration. In other words: every moving object is in 
a state of moving equilibrium, every motionless object 



IS Shape of Matter and the Cause. 

is in a state of resting equilibrium, or static equilibrium, 

both of these states are the result of the effects ■:: 
the laws of motion, matter and force upon motion, matter 
and force, and that neither the amount, direction or pro- 
ducts of force, matter and motion, are regulated by 
design. 

Spencer contends, that it is the regulation of force. 
matter and motion by force, matter and motion, that 
effects the dynamic or static position of all living and 
non-living matter, which in turn thus effects the ultimate 
physical or mental character of the smallest atom or 
largest body in existence, — whether it be an atom of 
hydrogen, a mountain range, an ocean, or a human being. 
Consequently, then the natural laws of force, matter and 
motion must then effect the physical character of the 
smallest living thing or of the highest developed human 
being, by regulating the position of the smallest or larg- 
est parts of its body. 

Then, according to these great philosophers, the 
change of position of any particle, or form of matter, no 
matter how small or large, is the basis of all natural law, 
which produces the infinite physical shapes and chemical 
varieties of all living and non-living things in the uni- 
verse. 

The natural laws pertaining to the living are 
Nature's methods of selecting those which are to live 
and those which are to die ; whether it be thru the 
process of one form of life living upon another, or 
thru the effects of mechanical action, or the effects 
of chemical changes upon living and non-living things ; 
all these laws are known to us as the Laws of Natural 
Selection. Thus, every living thing, animal or vegetable, 
whether large or small, owes its existence to the acts of 
matter, motion and force, which are the acts of Xature 
known to us in the study of biology as the Laws of Nat- 
ural Selection. 

Every- process in nature, such as the attack of bac- 



Soma Cells and Reproductive Cells. 19 

teria upon other bacteria, or the attack of bacteria upon 
vegetable or animal life, or upon man, or the effects in 
any way conceivable of laws of motion, force or matter 
upon the smallest or largest living or non-living thing, — 
all these are processes of that one great struggle for ex- 
istence which has been designated as Natural Selection. 

As all living things are made up of parts, and each 
part is made up of cells, and each cell is made up of mole- 
cules, and each molecule is made up of atoms, we can- 
not conceive of any physical or chemical change in any 
part of any living thing, brought about by mechanical 
force, or by chemical nutrition, such as is produced by 
food products; as for instance, the transformation of al- 
bumen, (such as eggs, meat, etc.) ; hydro cabrons, (such 
as animal and vegetable fats) ; carbo hydrates, (such as 
sugars), which are finally assimilated into the blood and 
different tissues of the body ; or of bio-chemical poisons. 
— such as carbon dioxide, — which we exhale from the 
lungs and evaporate from the skin, or of any bio-chemical 
change ; which would not finally affect in some degree the 
molecular and atomic structures of any living thing, and 
thereby the position and physical characters of their 
smallest somatic cell structure, such as the ordinary 
skin, bone, nerve, muscle, or any parenchymatous cell in 
any organ of the body. 

It is reasonable to suppose that since the somatic 
cells are thus affected, that they in turn affect the char- 
acter of the somatic blood cells that feeds all the tissues 
of the body, and since the blood feeds and keeps alive the 
germinal plasm or reproductive cell, any chemical or 
physical change in the blood must affect the character of 
those cells. This is true whether the change is a slight 
or great one. 

While the blood cells are somatic, and do not pro- 
duce new beings, and are easily affected by extraneous 
conditions; germinal cells, or the cells of reproduction, 
are not so easily affected bv extraneous conditions, such 



20 The Fabric of Life. 

as by bacteria, etc., yet, in receiving their nutrition from 
the somatic blood cells, the germinal cells, or cells of re- 
production, must also ultimately, to some degree, be 
affected by the blood cells that feed and keep them alive. 
All these slight variations in the chemical and physical 
structure of the blood, produced in many different ways, 
by environment, food, habits, breeding, etc., which affect 
the assimilation of food or the evaporation or execre- 
tions of any living thing, all these in turn will be re- 
sponsible for the countless varieties of physical and 
mental changes produced in all forms of life. 

According to Eccles, Minchen states, that chromatin 
and chromasoms are responsible for the up building of 
the protein cell molecule in all forms of life, and the pro- 
tein molecule is responsible for the living cell and all the 
different kinds of tissues in the human bod)', or in any 
living organism. In other words, protein is a combina- 
tion of substance without which we cannot -live, Protein 
is only found in living or what was living matter ; in fact, 
the protein molecule is the basis of all living matter. 

Eccles contends that the whole fabric of life in its 
warp and woof of connected species, shows this gradual 
grading of proteins with proteins, thru and thru 
every structure. At every point we get evidence of the 
almost infinitely minute selections of fitness. The 
special bio-chemical tests known as preciptin tests, 
demonstrates that the heredity qualities in every living 
thing come and go in quantitative degrees, so fine that 
they are only measurable as molecules. 

And so, in the great struggle for existence, if the 
protein substance of the living cells are affected by food, 
habits, environment, poisons, etc., we cannot conceive 
of the molecules of the cells not being affected ; or, re- 
versely, any change affecting the position of the protein 
molecules of a cell, whether thru increased or de- 
creased nutrition, whether thru chemical poisons af- 
fecting the chemical composition of the molecule, or 



Disease, Health and Natural Selection. Zl 

whether through bacterial poisons affecting the chemical 
arrangement of the protein molecule, or through any 
conceivable imagination we cannot conceive of any 
change chemically poisonous or chemically nutritive thus 
produced, that would not affect ultimately the protein 
substance of any cell. If the smaller parts of any sub- 
stance, living or non-living, are thus affected, we cannot 
conceive of their larger parts not being affected, and if 
the larger parts are affected, the physical appearance 
would be also affected or changed. 

For example : we cannot think of a broken bone, 
without thinking of the disturbance of the parts broken, 
or even of the bone cells themselves, if one has given the 
matter scientific attention. We cannot think of tuber- 
culosis without thinking of its detailed distructive effect 
upon the lungs, and the other tissues of the individual's 
body ; as, for instance, the action of each tubercle bacilli 
upon each cell that it might attack; until by reflection 
to our mind is recalled the various pathological and his- 
tological results from the various complications that arise 
from the different parts so attacked : such as, for ex- 
ample the action of the consumption bacilli in producing 
lung tubercles, diseased lymphatic glands, the resulting 
hemorrhages from broken down diseased arteries, which 
have been produced by coagulation necrosis, or death of 
the part. So each and every process is the cause or 
effect of some mechanical or chemical nutritive disturb- 
ance, which alter the chemical and physical characters 
of the cells, and by doing this there is produced a dis- 
turbance of the molecular relations of the cell and then 
of their cellular relations which in return ultimately 
affect their physical appearance. 

So natural selection re-arranges in disease or health 
the cellular parts, whether the change is for the good or 
injury of the individual. If the arrangement is beneficial 
we call it health ; if the arrangement, by natural selec- 



22 Development. 



tion, is of such a character as to be non-beneficial or 
harmful to the individual we call it disease. 



Man's Physical and Mental Development Not Due to 
Man to Man Competition. 

Thus., in Nature, man's development, in the main, 
has not been due to man to man struggle. The struggle 
for existence between man and all other forms of life, 
not human, is responsible for his present development. 
It has been the continuous struggle to get the necessities 
of life from other forms of life, in the way of food, suf- 
ficiently to maintain life and to avoid destruction from 
disease, that has produced a human race, or any other 
form of living being, not human. If man were to spare 
the other forms of animal and vegetable life upon which 
he feeds and lives today, it would take but a very short 
time, indeed, for him to die of starvation and disease. 

Animal and vegetable parasites exist everywhere to 
plague and destroy mankind, or any other form of life 
upon which they can live. Those forms of life alien to 
man. and constantly dangerous to his very existence are 
ubiquitious. Only those types of human beings who 
acquire chemical characters in their blood and tissues, 
and through these, physical ones, antagonistic to the wel- 
fare of other forms of life not human, have been per- 
mitted by Nature to remain alive and develop their kind. 
Darwin called these fortunate creatures. ''The Survival 
of the Fittest." 

Through the process of what man calls CON- 
SCIOUS NATURAL SELECTION and UNCON- 
SCIOUS NATURAL SELECTION, man and all other 
forms of life are selected to live, through those laws of 
Nature that are favorable to them. 



Natural and Political Rights. 23 

FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE 
NATURAL LAWS. 

If the Natural Laws are unfavorable, new forms of 
life are never produced. NO DEVELOPED FORM 
OF LIFE is created spontaneously; new varieties of old 
forms are being produced continually. If the Natural 
Laws are unfavorable to those forms already in 
existence, they degenerate and die. 

Conscious Natural Selection as used by man has pro- 
duced many millions of fit beings for survival, who other- 
wise would have been unfit to survive. Just as Nature 
is doing the reverse today among human beings by de- 
stroying them through diseases, the causes of which 
mankind is ignorant. So today Nature is producing mil- 
lions of degenerates and ignorant human beings 
by the manner of their bad economic environment 
and faulty education, who become a hindrance to human 
development, happiness and progress. 

Man can only develop as a highly organized social 
creature thru his intelligence of the laws of Naiture. 
This is proven and reproven daily by man, who uses Con- 
scious Natural Selection, in a certain degree, in the cul- 
tivation of nearly all the things upon which he lives. 
For example — the production of fruits, vegetables, 
cereals ; the breeding of animals for human consumption, 
or their hides for protection or adornment. 

In an essay by Huxley, entitled "Natural and Polit- 
ical Rights," he tells the story of a man, who found him- 
self, like Robinson Crusoe, wrecked upon a lone island, 
and who, in order to preserve his life, was compelled to 
kill what game he could for food. He then tells of 
another man who had been simultaneously wrecked, and 
cast upon the opposite shore ; there they were, both on 
the same island, but unknown to each other. Suppose 
now, he states, that one of these men, in quest of food, 
happened to be stalking some wild animal, preparatory to 
shooting it at the first opportunity, and then all of a sud- 
den to be confronted by the other man, who by chance was 



24 Ignorance, Disease and Civilization. 

also hunting the same animal. Huxley then asks the ques- 
tion, that if two men followed the dictates of the com- 
monest common sense, would thev not at once agree to 
unite in PEACEFUL COOPERATION WITH EACH 
OTHER TO KILL THE ANIMAL THUS HUNTED, 
FROM WHICH TO GET THEIR FOOD AND FOR 
EACH OTHERS MUTUAL COMFORT AND PRO- 
TECTION. If such cooperation is beneficial for two be- 
ings why would it not be good for a thousand, million 
or a hundred million of people ? 

Conscious Natural Selection is being used more and 
more by man in the treatment and prevention of dis- 
eases. Some 70 years ago a German by the name of 
Pollender interested himself in the study of the blood 
of different animals. V. C. Yaughan, President of the 
American Medical Association in a recent article entit- 
led/' The Influence of Disease on Civilization," says that 
Pollender made himself first familiar with the appear- 
ance of the normal blood of man and animals in health 
and disease. He found that the blood of cows, sick with 
anthrax when examined under the microscope showed 
minute red like bodies, which he never found in the blood 
of the healthy cow. Pollender finally concluded that these 
red like bodies in the blood of sick animals had some- 
thing to do with the disease from which they suffered, 
he wrote about his observations at the time, but they 
attracted little or no attention. 

Some years later Devaine took up the same line of 
work and confirmed Pollender s observation. Devaine 
was then followed by Pasteur, Virchow, Koch and 
many others who were enabled with the introduction 
of the compound microscope to develop the Science of 
Bacteriology. 

The knowledge of disease from this time forth de- 
veloped in leaps and bounds from the empiricism of the 
past, into a clear and definite understanding of their 
causes. Preventitive medicine then became such a great 



Animal Morality and Human Morality. 25 

factor in the preservation of human life that in the space 
of a few years the world has doubled in population. We 
know today that germs are the cause of almost every 
disease from which human beings suffer. 

We are begining to understand more and more that 
human diseases like human poverty is humanely im- 
moral, because man unlike other animals has the power 
to prevent disease and poverty. The bacteria that at- 
tack man in order to get its food and a place to breed 
and feed its progeny though they kill their unluckly host, 
commit no crime in doing this. As far as they are con- 
cerned their act reflects their own morality, for in doing 
so they are committing acts that feed themselves and 
give birth to their own kind, thereby fulfilling their 
destiny, though in doing so they kill their host. 

Their host, man, in turn, commits daily upon other 
forms of life, the same acts in order to live, as the bacter- 
ia do that live upon him. The killing and eating by man 
of other forms of life for the purpose of self preserva- 
tion, is considered by man as a moral act. Those 
human acts that result in the opposite of human preser- 
vation become inhuman or immoral acts, because the 
human being has developed the power of choosing con- 
sciously those acts that will benefit or injure him. 

Such diseases as pneumonia, typhoid fever, diph- 
theria, cholera, yellow fever, bubonic plague, infantile 
paralysis, and hundreds of others, too numerous to men- 
tion, including all pus forming diseases, are all caused by 
animal and vegetable bacteria or their poisons upon the 
minute and molecular parts of our bodies, which have 
caused to be produced in us, thru the countless cen- 
turies of time, slight chemical and physical changes, 
until from all these myriads of variations, there has been 
built thru these processes of Nature, ail the won- 
derful complicated organisms, such as the eyes, ears, 
brain, extremities, heart, liver, kidneys, etc., possessed 
by man today. Those wonderful instruments of man, 



26. The Human Hands and Civilization. 

such as the brain, eyes, ears, nose, feet, hands, etc., have 
all been produced in some way by the competition be- 
tween man and alien forms of life. Those wonderful 
fingers possessed by man, have made possible his genius, 
: and are the cause of man's superiority over all other 
forms of living things. Without the development of 
the hand, man would, undoubtedly, be still among 
the lower brutes. We must not forget THAT 
THE HANDS WERE NOT DEVELOPED 
'THRU HUMAN COMPETITION BETWEEN 
MAN AND MAN, BUT WERE DEVELOPED AGES 
BEFO'RE MAN EVER BECAME A SAVAGE, AND 
LONGER vSTILL, INDEED, BEFORE HE EVER 
BECAME A GREGARIOUS SOCIAL ANIMAL, 
PRODUCING THINGS FOR HUMAN CONSUMP- 
TION AND WEAR. BEFORE MAN EVER EN- 
TERED INTO COMPETITION WITH HIS OWN 
KIND IN THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD, WEAR- 
ING APPAREL, OR THE BUILDING OF SHELT- 
ERING SUPPLIES, HE HAD ALREADY DEVEL- 
OPED THE HAND AND FINGERS. 

.WHEN MAN, AS A BRUTE, GOT HIS 
UVING BY KILLING AND EATING OTHER 
CREATURES, OR BY LIVING OFF THE WILD 
GRASSES, FRUITS AND NUTS HE COULD FIND, 
AGES BEFORE HE LIVED IN COMMUNI- 
TIES, BUILT CITIES, DEVELOPED ANY INDUS- 
TRY, LITERATURE, ART, OR EVEN AN ALPHA- 
BET, HE DEVELOPED THOSE WONDERFUL IN- 
STRUMENTS, THE HUMAN HAND AND FING- 
ERS; AND ONCE STARTED IN THEIR DEVEL- 
OPMENT, THE ADVANTAGE GAINED WAS SO 
GREAT OVER OTHER FORMS OF LIFE, THAT 
MAN TOOK EASY LEAD AND RAPIDLY DREW 



What is Hand-Brained? 27 

AWAY FROM THEM, DUE TO THE DEVELOP- 
MENT OF HIS BRAIN, WHICH, UNDOUBTED- 
LY, THE HAND MADE POSSIBLE. THE CON- 
TINUED AND HIGHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
BRAIN IN TURN MADE POSSIBLE EVERY IN- 
VENTION TODAY IN HIS POSSESSION, FROM 
PRIMITIVE MAN'S ACT OF FIRST MAKING 
FIRE BY RUBBING TWO PIECES OF W r OO<D TO- 
GETHER, TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
GREATEST INVENTION OF THE PRESENT 
TIME. 

The following report by the United States Govern- 
ment, known as the 23rd Annual Administrative Report 
of the Bureau of American Ethnology, J. W. Powell, 
Director, tends to strongly substantiate the facts above 
stated. The paragraph treating on Somatology, reads 
as follows : "The recognition of the principle serves also 
to explain and establish the sequence of stages of human 
development, inferred from observations of many 
peoples, that is, from savagery, through barbarism and 
civilization, up to enlightment, since it shows that each 
transition was the product of cumulative experiences, 
long assimilated and applied through the commonplace 
habits, rather than through abstract reflections; FOR 
IN ALL THE LOWER STAGES OF HUMAN PRO- 
GRESS THE MIND BORROWS FROM THE HAND. 
Customarily, the stages of culture are defined on the 
basis of social organization, but they may be defined 
nearly as conveniently in terms of psychic development. 

So, defined primordial savagery is not merely the 
stage in which the law rests on maternal kinship, but 
that of instinctive imitation, in which experience is per- 
ceptive rather than appreceptive, while knowledge, 
among low forms of life, increases THROUGH ACCI- 
DENT RATHER THAN DESIGN." 



28 Accidental and Conscious Progress. 

The above statement, that primitive man's knowl- 
edge increased thru accident rather than design, is 
parallel to the meaning that man succeeded in the begin- 
ning thru laws of Nature that happened to be favor- 
able to his growth, and as these favorable laws, thru 
their influence, produced certain impressions, by con- 
stant repetition upon his cellular organisms, he became 
at last conscious of certain of these repeated acts: this 
knowledge we call consciousness. But in degrees after 
man acquired this so called consciousness, he began to 
correlate to one another these various primitive mental 
impressions so acquired, and when he developed materi- 
ally sufficient nerve fibers to connect one nerve cell to 
the other, his experience became not only recorded in 
one nerve cell, but he was capable of reflecting these re- 
corded experiences or impressions to different cells, thru 
physical and mental stimulus. There are many who be- 
lieve that certain acts and thoughts are spontaneous, 
because they are performed suddenly and quickly ; but 
this is not true, for no matter how quick the thought or 
act, it is in some way related to some other previous act 
or condition that has set the mental and physical cellu- 
lar machinery into motion by its stimulation. 

INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS OVER PROPERTY, REAL 
AND PERSONAL. 

When man reached this conscious stage of develop- 
ment, where he could relate one act or occurence to 
another act or occurrence, thru memory impressions, 
HUMAN PROGRESS THEN CEASED*TO BE ACCI- 
DENTAL, AND BECAME CONSCIOUSLY A PER- 
MANENT ONE. This development increased from 
time to time by adding new found facts to ones already 
established. When this progressive human development 
ceased to advance, after it became highly conscious, the 
preventive cause of further advance was halted in near- 



The Law of Chance. 29 

ly all instances by man himself, thru the principle of the 
law based upon INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS OVER PROP- 
ERTY REAL AND PERSONAL. In the beginning 
there was no harm itself in the use of this individual pre- 
rogative, but it lead finally to much harm by the gather- 
ing of great power to a few individuals, who in spite of 
the rights of others, forced the great majority of man- 
kind, by their accumulated wealth power, into mental 
and physical poverty, taking from the people the pro- 
ducts of their physical labor, and chaining their minds 
to darkness and animal ignorance, so as they could not 
protest. 

ALL FORMS OF LIFE ARE SUBJECT TO THE 
SAME LAWS OF DEVELOPMENT. 

Every form of life from the lowest protozoa, or single 
cell, of vegetable or animal life, to the elephant, giant 
oak or man, all have been subject to the same natural 
laws of development. The human knowledge of the 
processes of these changes and manifestations, we call 
Conscious Natural Selection or Human Intelligence ; the 
non-knowledge we term Unconscious Natural 'Selection, 
or the selection by chance, and designated by some as 
The Law of Chance. 

Before proceeding further, let us try and under- 
stand what we mean by the Law of Chance, or Uncon- 
scious Natural Selection, so as we can better appreciate 
in the end its influence upon our economic and social 
life. The Law of Chance in nature, let it be understood, 
is not a law or condition that is apt to arise spontaneous- 
ly, favorable or unfavorable, for the purpose of preserv- 
ing or destroying any form of animal or vegetable life. 

The Laws of Nature are ever present in the universe, 
and those material things, animate or inanimate, solid, 
liquid, gaseous, visible or invisible, — all are subject to 
the mutual relations produced by the natural laws, 



30 Immutable Natural Laws. 

known to us as powers or forces, which compel, attract 
or dispel the smallest atoms or the largest bodies to each 
other, or away from each other; all of which have thus 
produced thru the ages, countless varieties of living 
and non-living things, which in their turn again, have 
produced other countless varieties. Spencer has well 
said, '"The effect of one cause is the parent of another 
cause." 

So, our intelligence must make us admit, that all 
physical and mental changes are the result of material 
changes brought about by adusting or disturbing the re- 
lation between the atom, molecule or body mass, to other 
atoms, molecules or body masses. There are many ig- 
norant or malicious people who attribute vital phenom- 
ena to the wish or whim of their Creator, when the facts 
tell us clearly that the laws of Nature are unchange- 
able and are directed always by the immutable powers 
that control them. 

We know, for instance, that the Natural Law which 
compels the mountain streams and rivers to carry away 
the earth from the mountain tops and hill-sides, is due 
to a law, called by man, the law of gravity. We regard 
the knowledge of the manifestation of this law, as a con- 
scious one in our mind, but the law that compels the 
water to flow to the lower level, is operative without 
our physical or mental presence of the fact. The great 
cataract of Niagara continues to thunderously pour its 
millions of gallons of water into the river below, whether 
we are on this earth or the planet Mars. It is only the 
reflection from some previous recorded impression in the 
mind of the human being, of the working or manifesta- 
tion of a natural law, that we call such an act of obser- 
vation with reflection, an Act of Consciousness. 

ORDER OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. 

That great Frenchman, Comte, founder of the Posi- 
tive School of Philosophy, classified the sciences, or con- 



Law, Propert y and Civilization. 31 

scious knowledge of the laws of Nature, as understood 
by man, in the order of human development, or under- 
standing, as follows : — First, Astronomy, then Physics*, 
from Physics to Chemistry, from Chemisty to Biology- 
and Psychology, and from these the development of Soc- 
iology and Ethics. These classifications pertaining to 
the development of our existence are the attempts of such 
great men as Linnaeus, LaMarck, Comte, Darwin, Hux- 
ley, Spencer, Haeckel, Virchow, Kropotkin, Lester Ward' 
and many others, to arrange in a conscious orderly man- 
ner, as we understand it, the development of life from 
the lowest to the highest state. 

U. S. GOVERNMENT REPORT ADMITS THESE 

FACTS. 

The report of the United States Government, known 
as the 23rd Annual Administrative Report of the Bureau 
of American Ethnology, J. W. POWELL, Director,. 
states the following facts in the paragraph, treating on 
Somotology. 

"Similarly, barbarism is not only the state of patern- 
al kinship and patriarchy, but that of awakening apper- 
ception, ACCOMPANIED BY DISTRUST AND 
DREAD OF NATURE, IN WHICH KNOWLEDGE. 
IS STIMULATED BY NOTIONS OF DIVINATION 
(Or God Power) WITH ACCOMPANYING PHYSI- 
CAL TESTS, SLOWLY ASSIMILATED IN CON- 
SCIOUS EXPERIENCE." "IN LIKE MANNER. 
CIVILIZATION IS NOT SIMPLY THE STAGE OF 
LAW BASED ON TERRITORIAL RIGHT, BUT 
THAT OF HABITUAL DISCOVERY IN WHICH 
NEW FOUND FACTS ARE CONSCIOUSLY PER- 
CEIVED AND UTILIZED. 

SO, ALSO, ENLIGHTMENT MEANS MORE 
THAN MERF RECOGNITION OF INDIVIDUAL 



32 Phenomena, Mira cles and Chance Acts. 

RIGHTS AS THE BASIS OF LAW; FOR IT IS THE 
STAGE OF INVENTION, AXD THE UNION OF 
INDIVIDUALS FOR CONQUEST OVER NAT- 
URE ; THROUGH THE EXERCISE OF DEFINITE 
PREVISIOX. BASED OX ACCUMULATED EX- 
PERIEXCE." 

Defined in a few words, the four psychic stages of 
human development are : 

First. — Imitation. 

Second. — Divination, or belief in God power. 

Third. — Discovery. 

Fourth. — Invention. 

ACTS OF CHANCE AND CONSCIOUS ACTS 
FURTHER DISCUSSED. 

Acts performed without the knowledge of the be- 
ginning or the ending of an act, we recognize as Acts of 
Chance, and we designate these acts, as Laws or Acts 
of Chance. An unexplained manifested fact to the ob- 
servant mind, such as electrical forces, is called a phe- 
nomena ; to certain religious minds, rare phenomena are 
called miracles. 

The following illustration well demonstrates the 
Law of Chance. Suppose a man were to go to the upper 
floor of a high building, and after getting there desired 
to leave ; if he is a sane man he knows that the routes 
out of the building are by way of the steps, elevator, or 
window. He knows the elevator is not as safe as the 
steps, because he has learned from recorded facts or ex- 
perience, that accidents are more liable to occur in ele- 
vators, than occur by walking down step?, providing the 
steps are not too steep. The other way out of the build- 
ing is by the window, and he avoids that way to descend, 
if there is no fire escape. If a man on a top floor of 
a building should mistake an open window for a door, 
and go thru it blindlv, in the dark, to iniurv and death, 



Man's Intellectual Capacity. 33 

below, such an act would be the Act of Chance, govern- 
ed by the natural law which causes the individual to 
suffer injury or death, by an act we commonly call acci- 
dent. If, however, in the act of falling from the win- 
ow, the man's clothes should happen to catch, a little 
distance below, on a stout hook which happened to be 
placed there for other purposes, and it held the man until 
he was rescued, then this act would be an Act of Chance 
or the Law of Chance, working to the individual's bene- 
fit or preservation. But if a man were to walk deliber- 
ately thru a window, or throw another thru, with the 
purpose of casting himself, or the other, to the ground 
below, with the intent of committing suicide or murder, 
such an act, if performed by a sane man, would be a con- 
scious act, or an act depending on the knowledge of re- 
corded facts, that human beings who fall from great 
heights are usually killed, or severly injured. 

This knowledge we call Conscious Knowledge of 
facts or occurrences which have been recorded in our 
minds, either by written, spoken or implied impressions 
of human experiences. 

The intellectual capacity of the normal man's brain 
for receiving conscious knowledge is many times greater 
than the knowledge which it now receives. If the in- 
tellectual powers of man were in keeping with his intel- 
lectual capacity, the problem of solving the great human 
economic question would have been settled ages ago. 
Ninety per cent of all people, and all classes, of people, 
are equal in intellectual capacity. If these 90 per cent 
were properly trained, physically and mentally, they 
would be capable of conducting an Industrial Democ- 
racy, wherein all the necessities of life could easily be 
produced ; where want, disease, human inefficiency, ig- 
norance, and other detriments, dangerous to human life 
and happiness, would be reduced to the lowest minimum. 

Watt discovered that steam would move or propel 
objects ; yet, the knowledge that he possessed at that 



34 Design, Destiny and Reproduction. 

time, compared to the knowledge and practical experi- 
ence that an ordinary engineer possesses today who 
runs a locomotive, or attends to a stationary engine, can 
be compared to the knowledge of a child to that of a 
intelligent adult. Before Watt's or Stevenson's 

time, there was not an engine in the world, and, conse- 
quently, there were no engineers. Since the invention 
of the engine, the principles necessary to build and run 
engines are so easily understood, that millions and mil- 
lions of ordinary normal men are engaged in the tasks of 
producing and running these instruments of modern pro- 
duction, a thousand times better than their inventors. 
This clearly demonstrates the capacity of a normal man's 
mental powers. What is true of the engine and engineer 
is true of every other instrument and vocation in life. 

WHAT IS MEANT BY DESIGN IN NATURE. 

Xatural Selection is Nature's method of selecting, 
thru Nature's Laws, those forms of life that are to 
live, and those forms that are to cease all direct living 
existence. While the ablest thinkers contend that 
Nature does not design what forms of life shall exist or 
predominate, yet, after the creation of living things, by 
the action of the Natural Laws, these living cellular 
things in trying to exist, by individuation and procrea- 
tion, are obeying the laws that produce them, from the 
moment of their creation or production until the moment 
of their extermination. So, the living design or destiny 
of every living thing, from the beginning of its first cell 
to the development of its complex cellular structure, 
every step in its growth until it gives birth to other life, 
is a part of the Creation scheme of its production. 

Many of the great modern thinkers such as Huxley, 
Spencer. Lester F. Ward, Kropotkin, Asa Grey and many 
others contended, that Nature does not produce living 
forms by design, and that Nature never plans before 



Nature's Method and Nature's Waste. 35 

hand which form of life shall live or which form shall 
dominate other forms. These men arrived at their con- 
clusions after exhaustive studies of biology, which led 
them to understand that in the struggle for existence, 
Nature did not favor by design one form of life over 
another form. To all contestants which had been fort- 
unate or unfortunate to have found themselves in exist- 
ence, she gave a clear field and showed no favors. In 
nature there are no mistakes and those things brought 
into living existence thru nature's laws are not in- 
vulnerable to nature's laws, this is the reason why the 
struggle for existence is so great. 

Nature's method of selecting life, if one can call nat- 
ural ways without design, method, has been a very prof- 
ligate one. Asa Gray says, "The waste of Nature is 
enormous, far beyond the common apprehension. Seeds, 
eggs and other germs that are designed to be plants 
and animals, but one of a thousand or a million achieves 
its destiny." 

FURTHER DISCUSSION OF NATURE'S METHOD 
OF SELECTING LIFE. 

We must not forget that Nature's methods (if one 
can call method without design, method) of selecting 
life that is already in existence, is thru the competi- 

| tion between various strange or alien forms of life ; such 
as the attack of one form of animal or vegetable life 
upon another form of animal or vegetable life for the 
food that make their existence possible. For example : 
When certain bacteria attack other forms of life and pro- 
duce various diseases, or the parties attacked build up 
in their system for their protection, different physical 
and chemical properties to ward off or destroy the invad- 

I er, these changes thus produce new physical and mental 
characters. For instance, when the bacteria of diph- 

! theria, or any other human disease producing germ, 

I 



36 "Armed Neutrality." 

enters the system., in order for the human being to save 
himself from the attack of the germs, or of their toxins, 
that human being so attacked must destroy in some way 
the invading germs, or neutralize their poisons. In 
order for the human being to do this, he must produce 
in his blood and tissues certain chemical and physical 
changes which pathologists call anti bodies, anti toxins, 
phagocytosis, etc.. that destroy or neutralize his 
enemies. Those living beings in doing this for aeons 
of centuries of time, have had produced in themselves 
countless varieties of chemical and physical changes. 
And so each living thing is an accumulation of chemical 
and physical affects, which have moulded the physical 
and chemical characters possessed by all forms of life, 5 
living or extinct. 

What I have said above about animal life is also 
true of plant life. For example, take the hollyhock I 
which grows so beautifully in Chile. This Chilean 
flower, is covered by a rust or fungoid bacteria, which 
does not in any way affect its size, beauty or growth. 
AYhen this flower, on account of its size and beauty, was 
introduced into the United States, a strange and peculiar j 
thing occurred. The American hollyhock which for 
years had grown hardy and safe, but less beautiful than I 
its Chilean cousin, upon the introduction of the Chilean 
flower, became seized with a vital sickness which threat- 
ened to destroy the entire family of American hollyhocks. 
Our scientists then got busy, and found after investiga- 
tion and experiment, that the Chilean plant was covered 
normally by a bacterial fungoid growth, or rust. The 
Chilean Hollyhock, in its native country, had developed 

lical and physical properties -~ : : % prevented the 
I i the rust or bacteri th from destroying 

t the the bacterial growth also built T 

-.ithin itself an immunity against the chemical and 

.. powers of the hoi. which preserved it. 

In other words, as Eccles puts it, a sort of an "armed 



1 Bacterial and Vegetable Competition. 37 

| 

j neutrality," was produced, which permitted both to live, 
' each waiting for some show of weakness in the other, 
j when it would start in at once to destroy it. 

The American hollyhock when first attacked by the 
bacteria, which the Chilean hollyhock could so nicely 
j withstand, became at once an easy prey to these bacteria. 
The reason for this was that the American hollyhock 
had not had sufficient time to develop new chemical and 
physical properties to save itself, and thus readily suc- 
cumbed to disease and destruction. The reverse of this 
condition could have been produced if the American 
flower had been the first one to have had the stronger 
physical power or chemical poison of the two ; then be- 
fore the bacteria could have adapted itself chemically 
and physically to the poisons of the flower, it would have 
been destroyed. 

Another splendid example of this most powerful of 
all forms of competition in the struggle for existence, 
was seen in the wholesale destruction of the grape vines 
of Germany and France, after the introduction of the 
American blue grape into those countries. The growers, 
in the beginning thought that by crossing the American 
grape with the European variety, that the cross between 
the two would produce some splendid new variety; but 
the growers reckoned beyond their cost. The American 
grape in its native country is covered by an innocent 
looking mould or fungoid bacteria, which we Americans 
have been eating by the millions for years ; but a wonder- 
ful thing occurred when the American grape was taken 
to Europe and crossed with the French and German 
variety. The innocent looking mould which had lived 
on the American grape, without apparently doing the 
grape any harm, or without being harmed by the grape, 
now in its new home became very vicious. The mould 
from the American grape at once attacked the bushes of 
the European variety, and began ruthlessly to destroy 
them. The respective governments of these two coun- 
tries, becoming greatly alarmed, had the infected vines 



38 Plant Life Diseases, and Insects. 

treated with every known modern process ; but to no 
avail. It then became necessary that something should 
be done., and done quickly. The treating process was 
finally given up in despair, and all vines which were 
found affected in the least, were entirely destroyed ; they 
were up-rooted and burned. It yet remains to be seen 

:her any of the apparently sound vines are infected 
or not. 

This is another instance of how one form of life not 
being able to adapt or protect itself quickly from the at- 
tack of another form, dangerous to its existence, quickly 
succumbs. In this particular case, only the conscious 
intelligent efforts of man saved the vines from a terrible 
scourge, and, perhaps, from complete extermination. 
The conditions in this case could also have been re- 
versed, if the poison of the grape could have neutralized 
or overcome the other. 

A. S. Packard, in a little volume entitled "Our Com- 
mon Insects,''' states the following, which substantiates 
strongly the great competitive struggle which is being 
waged continually for existence between strange forms 
of life : He says, "We should not forget that each fruit or 
shade tree, garden shrub or vegetable, has a host of in- 
sects and parasites peculiar to it, and which, year after 
year, renew their attacks. I could enumerate upwards 
of fifty species of insects which prey upon cereals and 
grass, and as many which infest our field crops. Some 
thirty well known species ravage our garden vegetables. 
There are nearly fifty species which attack the grape 
vine, and their number is rapidly increasing. About 
seventy-five species make their annual onset upon the 
apple tree, and nearly an equal number may be found 
upon the plum, pear, peach and cherry. Among our 
shade trees over fifty species infest the oak; twenty-five 
the elm ; seventy-five the walnut, and over one hundred 
species of insects prey upon the pine. 

Indeed, we mav reasonably calculate the annual loss 



Man and Disease. 39 



j in our country alone from noxious animals and the lower 
! forms of plants and bacteria, such as rust, smut and mil- 
j dew, as (at a low estimate) five hundred million dollars 
: annually." 

When we realize that these are only a few of the 
hundreds of thousands of living insects and bacteria of 
which we know, (there are probably millions of differ- 
ent varieties of bacteria of which we know nothing) 
that are fighting each other continually for their 
food and existence, then we can begin to appreciate the 
intense struggle that is going on between these myriads 
; j of ubiquitious forms of life for existence. 

Spencer quotes many cases of attacks by germs 
which infected, and almost completely annihilated, the 
populations of many of the South Sea islands. When the 
savages living on these islands were attacked for the 
first time by measles, which was carried there by our 
early navigators, they were almost exterminated. The 
disease was so severe in many instances, that according 
to Spencer, one island alone losing 60,000 out of a popu- 
lation of 80,000 inhabitants. Fresh attacks of yellow 
fever, cholera, small pox, bubonic plague, and many other 
diseases, have acted in a similar manner to the above. 

The present development of medicine depends 
greatly upon whether man can find, by the study of 
chemistry, patholog3^ and histology, the chemical and 
physical characters that will destroy or neutralize bac- 
teria or their poisons, which produce animal and vege- 
table diseases, and which are directly dangerous to man's 
existence, or which are dangerous to those things upon 
which he lives. While small pox may kill him direct- 
ly, the destruction of cattle or vegetation by disease, 
may cause him to suffer death by starvation or weaken 
him so, by being debilitated, that he becomes an easy 
victim to disease and death. 

It has been demonstrated by those splendid scien- 
tists, Hamburger, von Pirquet, McNeil, and others, that 



40 What Tuberculin Tests Prove. 

94 per cent of poorly nourished children react to the 
subcutaneous tuberculin test, before the age of puberty. 
A tuberculin injection into a human being determines, 
by its certain reactions, whether the individual has 
tubercular disease or not. 

Tuberculin is a glycerine extract of the tubercular 
germs ; made from either the human tubercular bacilli :r 
the bovine tubercular bacilli. The tubercle bacilli of the 
:ow or ox when made into a glycerine extract, and 
known as tuberculin, gives the same reaction when in- 
jected as the human tuberculin. This clearly illustrates 
the close relationship of these different forms of life in 
their attack upon one another. 

The destruction of life by starvation or by the ele- 
ments of nature, such as excessive cold, or the inability 
to get certain foods when they are present, is well shown 
by the following illustration of the wild Siberian horse 
:: Asia. These wild creatures, which live on the great 
steppes are compelled during the winter, in order to get 

- food, to scratch with their hoofs thru the frozen 
snow and ice. Beneath this snow and ice there is 
plenty of good grass., but only those horses continue to 
live which happen to have enough energy left in 
their legs, after being subject to long fasting, and the in- 
tense cold of long and hard winters, to still be able to 
scratch thru the frozen snow and ice to the food be- 
!ow. Under this icy covering there is plenty of food for 
all the horses, but the brutes cannot use highly con- 
scious methods singly or co-operatively, to get the food 
that would save them from starvation ; and thru 

Law of Chance, those horses that have with-stood 
the rigors of winter, and have enough strength left to use 
that low form of developed consciousness, such as 
scratching with their hoofs thru the frozen snow and 
ice. manage to live; and the others which have not de- 
veloped the consciousness of scratching for their food. 
die. 



Harmful and Harmless Life, 41 

Yet, in the struggle for existence, as strange as it 
may seem, there are certain forms of life, tho strangers 
to each other, and constituted physically and biologically 
different, which do not prey upon one another, but on 
the contrary unconsciously are a help to each other. 

This help that one form of life often gives to another 
form, is not produced out of the desire of love, affection, 
or even kindness, for the act which produces the benefit 
given or received in most cases, is entirely an uncon- 
scious one. It is done primarily to get food or a suit- 
able environment in which to live. This is true of al- 
most all bacteria, or any form of life, living harmlessly 
or harmfully, within or upon another. 

Many examples of this mutual aid, as it were, is 
daily being enacted between man and other forms of life,, 
not human, and which are widely different from each 
other in every way possible. 

I will mention here an example of three different 
forms of life as widely separated, biologically, as one can 
think of; They are man, the Doryis Ant of Asia, and a 
certain species of orange that grow on that continent. 
These Doryis Ants are often taken by man from the 
mountain districts where they live, to the lowlands, 
where there are many orange trees under cultivation. 
The Chinese, who transfer these tiny insects from their 
mountain homes to the lowlands, use this conscious 
method when they find their orange trees attacked and 
in great danger of being destroyed by certain larvae, 
which feed upon the leaves and buds of the orange tree. 

Now, mark you well, these particular Doryis Ants 
that man brings from the surrounding mountains to his 
fruit trees, care no more for man or the oranges than 
they care for the ants ; the fact of the matter is, the orange 
and ant are wholly unconcerned about each other. To each 
of them, with the exception of man, they are entirely un- 
conscious participants in this helpful relationship to 
each other. The ant, however, is much concerned with 



42 Science the Basis of Consciousness. 

regard to those larvae that it happens to find on the 
trees, where man has so uncermoniously placed it. Here 
it finds at its very mouth, so to speak, its natural food, 
the larvae. 

Here is an example similar to the aid which man re- 
ceives and gives to many forms of life. Those thous- 
ands of harmless bacteria which live in his bowels, blood 
and organs, while they do not feed upon the necessities 
which he requires, destroy wastes and poisons gen- 
erated in man, and overcome other poisonous bacteria, 
.-all for the purpose of getting their food ; not with the in- 
tention of doing man any favor, and. yet, saving his life 
daily by performing an office of which man is entirely 
unconscious during the time of its performance. 

The study of the different sciences by man are mak- 
ing these facts known to him as conscious acts, which 
lie can use for his benefit, instead of the hitherto uncon- 
scious ones where the Law of Chance played the deter- 
mining factor, whether man was to be destroyed or pre- 
served. 

All this aid that man gives to other forms of life, or 
the aid other forms receive from him, is seldom done out 
of kindness or affection ; in fact, those low forms of life are 
•entirely unconscious of performing any life sav- 
ing office. They are after food, and when they 
destroy other bacteria or their toxins harmful to man, or 
neutralize the poisonous waste food products generated 
in man, these bacteria are doing no more for man, than 
man does for the grass or bushes, which are prevented 
from being further eaten, when he removes from those 
places the cattle which he kills and feeds upon. 



Greater Intelligence. 43 

GREATER INTELLIGENCE CAN PRODUCE 
GREATER HUMAN FITNESS. 

Those forms of life, especially human life, that have 
developed the conscious intelligence of the Laws of 
Nature, are able to select those natural laws that will 
best react to their benefit; and so those nations using 
such laws for their benefit come the nearest to solving 
the problem of an intelligent progressive, human exis- 
tence., by producing a greater number of conscious fit 
people. 

It has been shown time and time again, that the 
greater the conscious intelligence of a people, the greater 
is their co-operation in every pursuit of life, and greater 
the number of beings generated, fit to live and survive. 

The conscious knowledge of how to raise a hundred 
babies to manhood and womanhood, to be healthy and 
intelligent men and women, is the basis for the conscious 
knowledge of how to raise millions or more of the same 
kind of babies. Those newer varieties of human beings, 
who prove themselves higher types, mentally and phys- 
ically, than the ones before them, set a new higher stand- 
ard for human efficiency and development for those not 
so fortunate, so that the incentive to produce something 
higher and better is thus ever present before the great 
mass of humanity. 

Once a highly developed Social and Industrial Co- 
operative Commonwealth is established for satisfying the 
necessities of life, the incentive for greater human pro- 
gress and happines will stimulate mankind more than 
ever to greater intelligent efforts, and human useful- 
ness. 

And, thus, will man thru the co-operative intelligent 
use of the processes of Natural Selection, produce a 
better and greater number of the Survival of the Fit, and 
not, as many would have you believe, that only by the 



44 Fitness to Live. 



method of man to man competition for the necessities 
of life, can man only produce a fit people. 

Many, in comparing the great masses of people liv- 
ing today* to savages of a century or more ago, tell us 
that the savages were more fit to survive as a race, than 
man is fit to survive as a race today; because they lived 
in the open and were subject to so many hardships. 
This reason for the savages better fitness to survive com- 
pared to that of modern man's fitness, is not true. Sav- 
ages, we must not forget, were continually at war with 
one another, and were constantly subjected to epidemics 
of diseases, which they did not know how to control, and 
which always kept them few in numbers. The savage 
for this reason was much less fit to survive than modern 
man, and few survived at that distant time, compared 
to the number of people which survive today. 

Savages did not possess the conscious knowledge of 
how to safeguard their lives against disease and famine. 
The populations of countries solely inhabitated by sav- 
ages were small indeed, when compared to the great 
numbers of people inhabiting those same countries today. 
Fitness to survive, by highly developed forms of life, is 
not a supernatural phenomena, but on the contrary, with 
man, it is a very solvable problem. 

Most lower forms of life develop thru the caprice of 
Nature; such as, for example, the development of insects 
which happen to be born green, where the vegetation is 
green. These insects escape the birds which feed upon 
them, by not being seen so easily. 

If insects are born of another color than green, and 
many are always being born of different colors, these 
new colored insects, against a green back-ground, then 
are more conspicuous than the green insects; the 
chances then are, that those insects not green will be 
quickly seen by the birds, and more easily exterminated, 
by being eaten as food. 



Voluntary and Involuntary Acts. 45 

If a green country, sheltering many green insects 
should become brown from a long dry spell, then the 
green insects against a brown back-ground would be 
seen more qnickh by the birds and more easily exter- 
minated, than the insects which happen to be born 
brown, or of another color than green : then the brown 
or other colored insects become the less conspicuous, 
and consequently develop in the greatest numbers. 

By chance many forms of life develop reflex nervous 
organisms by the stimulation of repeated external im- 
pressions, which are transmitted to their progeny, thru 
the inheritance of these nerve impressions which pro- 
duce nerve impulses ; many of these low forms of life be- 
come able to distinguish, unconsciously or instinctively, 
what is harmful, or what is beneficial to them. 

This instinctive intelligence develops by degrees in 
all forms of life, from the lower to the higher until it 
reaches its highest development in man. We call this 
intelligence in man, Human Consciousness or reason, 
for then man has learned to relate one act or thought to 
another knowingly. 

It is thus due to the Law of Chance that life is first 
permitted to live. Those vast myriads of ubiquitous 
forms of life, from the lowest protozoon to the highest 
type, develope new chemical and physical characters con- 
tinually, until a time is reached in their development, 
where those involuntary reflex impulses, that produce 
animal action and growth, cease to be entirely uncon- 
scious reflexes. These reflexes finally develop to that 
state where they become more or less conscious, for then 
the individual can stimulate certain, nerve impression 
centers to act by reflex voluntary stimulation. 

Certain human reflexes, such as the beating of the 
heart, muscular movement of the bowels, actio: 
internal organs, such as the liver, kidneys, etc., are un- 
conscious reflexes, the actions most of the time of which 



46 Conscious and Unconscious Physiology. 

man is not aware. These impulses are known as in- 
voluntary reflexes. 

THUS CONSCIOUSNESS IS A MATTER OF 
PHYSIOLOGY, AND DEVELOPS IN DEGREES 
IN ALL FORMS OF LIFE UNTIL IT REACHES 
ITS HIGHEST DEVELOPMENT IN MAN. 

Forms of life that are developing, add new cells to 
their existing ones, if those cells are beneficial to their 
development. This is brought about in a natural man- 
ner by repeated force impressions, which in animals, j» 
stimulate an increase blood supply to the part or parts; 
the cell, in return for the increase blood received, devel- 
ops new processes of itself, or gives birth to new cells 
of similar structure with slight variations from the par- 
ent cell, until in time from out of the whole, there is fin- 
ally built up all the compound complex cell structures ; 
we find in any animal, such as, for instance the bones, 
skin, hair, hands, head and other organs the human be- 
ing, or which any other animal possesses. 

The reflex forces are the recorded impressions in i 
the nervous system of any animal, produced from extern- 
al stimulus, which finally results in some form of action; 
for example, — seeing, hearing, walking, talking, etc. 

All acts performed, such as the instinctive act of 
the beating of the heart, the act of breathing, etc., to the 
most highly voluntary act performed by man, or the low- 
est instinctive act performed by any form of life, all such 
acts are the recorded and reflected force impressions pro- 
duced in the beginning by some external stimulus, which 
produces finally voluntary reflex thought, and action in 
man. These reflex acts for convenience of study are 
divided into voluntary or conscious acts, and involun- 
tary or instinctive acts. 

If, we, as intelligent beings, do not care to delude 
the millions about us by perverting truths with myths 
and absurdities, we must admit that every form of life in 



; Low forms of Life and Co-operation. 47 

! order to live, must continue to do so at the expense of 
some other form of life. We know, for instance, that 

| birds live upon worms and seeds, man upon birds, ani- 
mals and seeds, and in turn worms, insects and bacteria 
live upon man and other forms of life, etc. 

Nature permits only those higher forms of living- 
things to multiply, and succeed the best, that co-operate 
the most. Low forms of life never developed great co- 
operative powers for the production of their food, or the 
safe guarding of their lives, from other strange forms of 
life. 

No form of life has ever become so dominant as to 
destroy all other forms. If such could have been pos- 
sible, one kind of tree, bush, grass, animal or parasite, 
would be in existence today ; and if that were the case,. 
that one prevailing form would then, in order to get its 
food, have to live upon its own kind. Since the laws of 
evolution force all forms of life to compete with each 
other in some way for their food supply, then only those 
forms that develop the conscious knowledge of the laws 
governing their existence, and use their consciousness 
by co-operating to overcome other forms for their needs, 
those forms alone develop as highly successful con- 
scious beings. 

All living things contain within their cell substance 
the protein molecule. No living thing can continue to 
exist without some form of protein; as protein only 
exists in living matter, or what was living matter, life 
then, in order to continue as life, must get its food from 
some form of living, or what was at one time, living- 
matter. 

Therefore, the struggle for the necessities of life be- 
tween the members of the same form or genus> must if 
anything weaken their corporate power, thereby weak- 
ening their defense and their ability to withstand attacks 
from enemies, in the form of disease producing bacteria,. 
| and the elements of nature unfavorable to them. 

I 

! 



48 Human Beings No Exception. 

Human beings are no exception to this rule. The 
ignorance, poverty and the exploiting of one class of 
human beings by another, is the cause of 90 per cent of 
the present human misery and degradation. Xo system 
man can devise will ever produce perfect human condi- 
tions., but from what we see of life today we know man 
could produce better human conditions, thru a common- 
wealth, where all industries were owned and operated by - 
the people co-operatively for common use, instead of - 
profit. Under such an industrial commonwealth, by 
eliminating poverty, disease and their concomitants, — 
crime and insanity — human conditions would then be- 
come ideal, as far as it is possible for an intelligent class 
conscious people to make them. 

WHAT IS THE HOPE OF HUMAN 
ACHIEVEMENT? 

In the struggle for existence, if parents were to live 
off the flesh, blood and sweat of their own children, as 
the privileged capitalistic class of human beings are liv- 
ing off the flesh and blood of other men, women and 
children, whom they call so lightly in sermons "brothers 
and sisters/' man would, indeed, be still among the low- :: 
est savages. . But the development of human sympathy > 
and feeling, which has been brought about by the growth : 
of this very same family tie, has lifted the people beyond 
the brute state : but the ignorance of the great masses 
has prevented and still prevents them from exercising 
co-operatively their great latent powers for the general 
good of all mankind. Most people giving their efforts, as > 
a rule, only for the benefit of themselves or their : 
immediate families. This produces industrial chaos, 
with its tremendous waste, causing 90 per cent of all 
human poverty and disease. 

Education combined with the developed forces of 
human sympathy and feeling, would produce a human 



j Are Human Achievements For the Few? 49 

I 

'! co-operative race, that would make future mankind 
! ashamed of the past, untold times more, than man is 
! ashamed of those animal acts- which he today as an in- 
I telligent being, would not commit in the presence of 
] other human beings. 

If mankind is to create achievements, only for the 
purpose of benefiting a few parents and children of their 
number, and those few shall live in plenty and happiness 
by riding on the backs of the crushed, the bleeding, the 
ignorant, the lame and the weak; then, as Huxley says, 
"I do not hesitate to express the opinion, that if there 
is no hope of a large improvement of the condition, of the 
greater part of the human family ; if it is true that the 
increase of knowledge, the wining of greater dominion 
over nature, with its consequence, and the wealth which 
follows upon that dominion, are to make no difference 
in the extent and intensity of want, with its concomitant 
physical and moral degredation among the masses of 
the people, I should hail the advent of some kindly 
comet, which would sweep the whole affair away." 

The fierceness of the competition for existence be- 
tween unit members, groups, or classes of the same fami- 
lies or species, cannot be compared to the fierceness of 
the competition that exists between strange or alien 
classes of different genuses or families. To illustrate, — 
the great danger to the lives of human beings, who live 
in the North temperate zone, and who move, say, into 
Brazil, is not from other human beings living there, but 
the real danger is from certain bacteria, which attack 
the newcomers with fatal diseases ; for example, such as 
yellow fever, malaria, cholera, etc. If the strangers 
can overcome or neutralize the attacking germs, by co- 
operating and finding ways to destroy such human ene- 
mies, as thru the study of the sciences, which enable 
them to develop sufficient conscious knowledge to find 
means to destroy or neutralize the disease producing 
bacteria ; such as, for example, — the invention of a high 



50 If They Do Not Still Compete. 

power microscope, so as to enable disease germs to be 
seen, and from this knowledge then the application of 
certain principles, drugs, or foods, as agents of bacterial 
destruction, when they have done this then these human 
beings have accomplished the greatest good for their pres- 
ervation, for if they do not still remain as competing 
animals, they can very easily obtain their food supplies 
by co-operating for their production. 

If men are so situated, and are kept so busy fight- 
ing each other for the mere necessities of life, and do not 
take the time to learn of the real dangers that surround 
them, there cannot be anything left, but for the great- 
est number of them to suffer, in some way, thru a con- 
flict that must produce poverty, disease and crime. 

If life's living, is only worth the hopeles hope, and 
the faithless faith, and the constant grind in work, is to 
forget our existence, then life as a God-like thing, is not 
God-like at all, for we are just as so many mechanical 
figures, living to forget that we are living, and forget- 
ting to live while w T e are living. 

HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS SHOULD BE THE 
HERITAGE OF ALL MANKIND. 

The knowledge of the man who first made fire, by 
rubbing two pieces of wood together, down thru all the 
ages, to the last man who gave something useful to mod- 
ern mankind, each and every one of them borrowed, in 
some way, the knowledge necessary to do so, from some 
other being. If the first man who made fire consciously 
had not learned the value of fire from some of his pro- 
genitors, he would never have developed sufficient con- 
sciousness to have known the value of fire ; even if he 
had been fortunate enough to have made it accidently. 

So it is with every intelligent act performed by any 
human being in the past or present ; each and every one 
of them borrowed something, from someone else, which 



Priceless Treasures of the Past. 51 



| made every discovery or invention possible, no matter 
I how little it might have been. The accumulation of such 
human heritages, that make possible our modern civili- 
zation, should be for the benefit of the whole human race. 
No man, or class of men, should be permitted to 
use,, for their own benefit, these priceless treasures of 
the past. The great discoveries of the world should be 
used for the benefit of all mankind. There can be no 
doubt that millions upon millions of human beings, from 
the earliest dawn of civilization, down to the present 
time, have added here and there, little by little, and bit 
by bit, the knowledge we possess, which has made pos- 
sible our human world today; and for less than 10 per 
cent of all mankind to benefit by this heritage is iniquit- 
ous, if there is such a thing we call human equity or 
justice among men. 

THE MERIT SYSTEM. 

The benefits of industry talent, genius, ef- 
fort and perseverance must receive its reward in 
some way under an industrial government, if that form 
of public commonwealth is to be permanent and success- 
ful. We must recognize this phase of the human posi- 
tion. Industrial governments that might be established 
by any race of people, must take this into account, for 
if they do not, such industrial commonwealths will be 
failures, and they will finally revert back to systems, 
where exploitation of the great mass will be the reigning 
factor again. 

Nature is ever creating new varieties of things, and 
the human being is no exception to the general rule. As 
we ascend in the scale of civilization, nature, by slight 
variations, is always producing some men who are more 
highly gifted with certain particular mental and physi- 
cal structures than others, and those of us who are not. 
equally as fortunate to be as well endowed, must recog- 



52 Incentive 



nize that such deviations for the better should not be 
decried, but should be recognized by all men as being 
good for them ; for it sets a higher standard of human fit- 
ness, and creates incentive to imitate the better types. 
Therefore, in order for any intelligent industrial govern- 
ment to succeed, where, in such a commonwealth all 
the means of human production are to be commonly 
owned, for the common good of all, — providing each 
gives his best efforts for the common welfare ; — then, in 
such cases, such human societies must recognize the 
genius, talent, and effort of any individual, which is out 
of the ordinary, by publicly honoring such individuals; 
not as some would think, by presents representing mone- 
tary value, — for in such an industrial social state, mone- 
tary value will not count for what it does today; — but, 
the compensation to natural greatness and individual ef- 
fort, given for the benefit of the masses, must find its 
expression in the public approbation of the individual's 
act, by extending public respect and honor to those mer- 
iting such honor. For instance, any individual or indi- 
viduals who, by their personal power or extra efforts, 
give to the community greater comfort, happiness and 
security of healthful life, — those men and women, must 
signally be appreciated by the public. At the present 
time in most cases genuine effort is discouraged, and 
the masses are exploited by the few, who in return for 
such exploitation are taught to respect and honor those 
who rob and force upon them economic and moral 
ethics that are injurious to the largest majority of them. 
A very common question asked of those who advo- 
cate an Industrial Commonwealth. Who is going to do 
the dirty or menial work? The answer to that question is 
this. When the workers of menial and dirty labor be- 
come respected and honored for the great services they 
are rendering mankind, then very few, if any, wiB 
deem it a disgrace to do menial work, such as digging 



How Labor Becomes Respected. 53 

trenches , building and cleaning sewers, domestic 
work, etc. 

A splendid example showing how social labor, which 
is very menial and dirty, becomes valuable and respected' 
when exalted in the eyes of the general public, is the 
work performed by nurses in the hospitals and private 
homes. The pus, blood and filth they have to handle is 
far dirtier and more dangerous, than almost any other 
kind of work of which one can think. Yet, owing to 
this work being held respectable it is now deemed an 
honor to be engaged in such a calling. The dirt, 
dtc, is lost sight of when the public and the 
nurses view the matter in the light that work 
that is now considered hard, menial, dirty and under- 
paid is so valuable to society. 

Under the workings of an Industrial Commonwealth, 
those younger members of society in general, while re- 
ceiving their education as Engineers, Doctors, Mechan- 
ics or whatever trade or profession they may choose to 
follow, will have to serve an apprenticeship in their re- 
spective callings for a certain period of time in doing 
the menial and dirty work. 

For example, those young men and women desiring 
to practice medicine during their course as students, 
will have to serve an apprenticeship as nurses, 
orderlies, or whatever else might be found neces- 
sary for them to do. Those desiring to become en- 
gineers will have to serve an apprenticeship of a certain 
period of their schooling as trench diggers, or street 
cleaners; so with the plumbers, architects and every 
other vocation in life. We must not forget that under 
an Industrial Commonwealth most all of the hard, 
menial and dirty labor will be effected by mechanical 
contrivances. For example, — street cleaning will not be 
done as it is at present, but will be more thoroughly ac- 



54 If Too Many Engage in Certain Callings. 

complished by machinery : the same will be true of 
cleaning sewers, etc. 

However, when the apprenticeship is finished of 
those preparing for their chosen callings., there will then 
be others to take their places. Those graduating in any 
trade or profession will be placed in higher positions of 
public trust, directly, by the people or appointed to 
higher positions by those men and women who have al- 
ready earned the confidence of the people, and who have 
been chosen as managers or directors of industries or 
utilities because of their knowledge and efficiency. 

If. however, it is found that too many of the people 
are striving after certain trades or profession, such call- 
ings shall then become limited in number, and only those 
after proper examinations found to be the best fitted, 
shall be chosen, and the apprenticeship in the lower po- 
sitions of life will be continued for a longer time. Those 
men and women of greater learning and ability will get 
the higher places. This will be the incentive for man and 
woman to do their best in striving for the higher posi- 
tions of trust and honor. 

Instead of labor in it various phases being consider- 
ed as something the aspiring should avoid, such labor 
will then in reality be respected, and will become the 
stepping stones to positions of honor and trust among 
the people., such as managers., supervisors, foremen, etc. 

Those members of society who will prove ineffici- 
ent, or those that have refused the opportunities that 
the new system offers for advancement, by neglecting 
and wasting their school periods, or those that refuse to 
learn, these members will be prevented from attaining 
the higher position of life, much more than they are 
todav. 



Not Perfection. 55 



No matter how imperfect the new system may 
prove in certain respects, the benefit to the human race 
will be untold times greater than the present wasteful 
one. 

SLAVE CO-OPERATION OF INSECT LIFE DUE 
TO THE DIFFERENCE IN THEIR PHYSI- 
CAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL 
CHARACTERS. 

It is true that the honey bees have a peculiar slavish 
state of society, yet live co-operatively; but the bees are 
so constituted physically and physilogically, that such a 
slavish co-operative state of society answers best, in a 
measure, for their peculiar characters. The Queen, and 
there is only one queen permitted to rule a hive, differs 
from the workers, females of the hive, in being larger 
than the workers and having ovaries that are not sterile, 
but on the contrary the queen is very prolific and fer- 
tile, laying as many as 120,000 eggs in a few weeks time, 
while the female worker seldom if ever lays an egg that 
is fertile. The worker compared to the queen bee is 
much smaller in size, with the exception of its brain, 
which is much larger and more developed than that of 
the queen. Here it is clearly seen that the function of 
the two are altogether different ; yet, neither live at the 
expense of the other, for the function of both, for the 
propagation of the hive, is of the utmost importance. 

A peculiar and most remarkable type of the honey 
bee in the hive, is the male or drone. He does not share 
in any of the work, but lives from the labor of the fe- 
male workers. On those warm and sunny summer days, 
if these lazy drones do leave the hive and fly from flow- 
er to flower, it is not to bring back honey and pollen, but 
it is to selfishly eat and gorge themselves with the sweet 



56 Human Parasites — What Are They? 

delicacies they find, with never a thought of bringing as 
much as a speck of the good things back to the hive. 

The female workers of the hive must surely in some 
way recognize this selfishness of the male, for a -long 
time after the queen has laid her eggs, and the time of 
the year has grown late, with flowers gone and the cold 
hard winter approaching, their kindness to the males 
begin to diminish, until, on a certain day, as if premedi- 
tated by all the workers, of what is absolutely necessary 
to save themselves from starvation, and the new unborn 
brood from destruction ; the workers, as if by command, 
fall upon the lazy, lounging males, who up to this time 
did nothing else but gorge themselves with the choicest 
foods from the hive unmolested. 

The wicked and lazy drones now must pay the pen- 
alty for the crime of being parasitic, by living off the 
work of others ! They are led into the various galleries 
of the hive, each surrounded by three or more workers, 
and put to death by being torn to pieces. 

Among human beings, however, it is different. 
Those parasitic rich who have gained their power thru 
inheritance, the greatest number of whom never do any- 
thing of value, and who by their wealth control the de- 
stinies of nations and races, are not treated so by the 
workers, (for we are not that inhuman as to desire that 
they should be dealt with as the workers deal with the 
bee drones.) Bat if the paristic rich were made to work 
and produce, or starve, the world indeed would be a bet- 
ter place in which to live. Poverty, preventable dis- 
eases and crime among human beings would almost be 
entirely abolished. 

The physical distinctions that exist among bees, do 
not exist among human beings. It is a notorious fact 
that among mankind, those oftimes the most poorly 
fed and nourished, and those subject to various incur- 
able diseases, are the most prolific in producing their 



Distribution of Labors' Products 5? 

kind ; even if it is an inferior kind. For example, epilep- 
tics are notoriously prolific. 

The propagation of inferior human beings is due, in 
most cases, to the system of exploitation of the workers. 

The unsystematic co-operation of the masses and the un- 
just distribution of the products of their toil, pre- 
vent them from receiving the proper necessities of 
life, which in turn, prevents them from giving suffici- 
ent time to the education and physical development o£ 
their young. 



GREATER NEED FOR SYSTEMATIC CO-OPERA- 
TION, AND MORE JUST DISTRIBUTION OF 
THE PRODUCTS OF LABOR, BY ESTAB- 
LISHING AN INDUSTRIAL COM- 
MONWEALTH. 

The products of labor will be shared in proportion 
to the labor, and the value of that labor as it is benefic- 
ial to mankind, in every endeavor of life, by the estab- 
lishment of a democratically managed co-operative in- 
dustrial commonwealth, where the necessities of life 
will be produced for the purpose of use, and not for 
profit. It is of the highest importance, and of the ut- 
most necessity, if mankind is to progress along those 
highly conscious lines which they have already reached, 
that an industrial commonwealth be established. In the 
end such a commonwealth will greatly eliminate graft 
in all its phases, as it is carried on by our private indus- 
tries and political factions today. 

The laws of evolution are true, and have been dem- 
onstrated to be true over and over again, by the material 
manifestations of everything within the range of our ex- 
istence; from the development of the simple or homo- 
geneous cell, such as the amoeba, to the development of 



58 Human Coop erative Development, 

the most complex, or heterogenous arrangement of brain 
cells contained within the skull of the human being. 

The wonderful complicated growth of cell struc- 
tures, whether the simplest nerve cell in the body, or 
the harmonious symetrical growth of simple structural 
cells, such as a nerve ganglion, or the higher complicat- 
ed, closer assimilated nerve cells of the brain, and other 
body organs, — all these developmental growths are the 
prototypes for the future development of a new social 
and industrial order among human beings. The fusing 
together of the ideas that will bring about such a class 
conscious order among all classes and nations of men, 
are being crystallized by our economic struggle today. 

Human co-operative development in every line of 
endeavor has become more marked than ever be- 
fore in the world's history. There are in the world 
but few great human groups or nations, in com- 
parison to what there were at one time. We have to- 
dav only the English, Teuton, Slavak, Latin. Hindu, 
Chinese and a few other races. Not so very long ago, 
when men were savage and barbarous, thousands of 
different and distinct racial types, nations and tribes 
lived during the same period of time. These thousands 
of different tribes, while contemporaneous, many of 
whom lived in close proximity to each other, spoke 
different tongues or dialects and had different cus- 
toms. Custom, as it has been developed since time 
immemorial bv thousands of different tribes and na- 
tions, whether social, political, religious or economic, 
"has been in a great measure responsible for the slow 
progress of civilization. 

The present day capitalism, is continually stretch- 
ing out its hands over the world for more profits. While 
in doing this it is exploiting the worker, yet at the same 
time it is bringing the workers from all over the world 
in closer sympathy with each other, by a bond of com- 



The Demands of Modern Civilization. 59 

mon understanding. This bond of common understand- 
ing is daily being increased, due to the intelligence which 
capitalism requires of the worker, in order to carry on 
its extensive operations in the effort to get profits. 

Modern advanced custom demands higher intellect- 
ual effort from the workers in the production of the 
world's necessities ; and the workers, growing more in- 
telligent, are demanding a just share, or the equivalent, 
of the commodities they produce, so as they, in turn, 
can enjoy, not only the mere necessities of life, but as 
well, some of the luxuries which modern civilization 
forces upon man. 

The workers are beginning to demand that they and 
their families be assured the necessities of life ; that their 
children be properly schooled, clothed and fed ; and that 
the fear of poverty, in old age, sickness, the fear of non- 
employment, or the fear of insufficient wage, be remov- 
ed, as the ever night-mare that every self respecting 
man and woman continually dread, who try to lead 
decent and self respecting lives. 

When the fear of poverty, the fear of want in time 
of sickness and old age, the fear of non-employment and 
the loss of earning power in time of disability; when 
these burdens and fears are removed from man, by a 
just compensation for the efforts which he gives in labor 
to the production of the world's necessities — then, and 
then only, can man devote all his energies in building 
an empire of human civilization, thru intelligent labor, 
such as the world has never before known. 



60 Exploitation Must Cease 

WHAT CONDITIONS ARE NECESSARY TO 

BRING ABOUT BETTER HUMAN 

AFFAIRS? 

In a civilized society, in order for mankind, in gen- 
eral, to enjoy the fruits of their labor, and prevent their 
exploitation and robbery by the few, which the present 
capitalistic system forces men to do, it is absolutely 
necessary to abolish all private industries, wherein ne- 
cessities for the public welfare are produced. All these 
private industries should be turned over to the people 
to be democratically managed under an industrial com- 
monwealth, and to be regulated according to the merit 
system, where only those willing and able to work shall 
be happy. Those who give greater effort than usual, 
or give something of benefit to the nation or communi- 
ty in which they live; these men and women shall re- 
ceive honors and distinctions from the public, befitting 
the services which they render. 

It is gradually dawning upon most men of civilized 
countries, that the production of the necessities of life 
by the workers, shall not go to enrich the few and en- 
slave the many; but that justice and equity, nay, life 
itself, demands that the exploitation and robbery of the 
worker shall cease; and that those physical and mental 
workers who produce or help to conserve man, or the 
necessities of life, must receive as their compensation, 
a decent happy living' with the opportunity of feeding, 
clothing, sheltering and properly schooling their chil- 
dren 'to an age, at least, where the education of those 
children will be effective in making them conscious of 
their usefulness, their necessity to themselves and their 
kind, so as they again in turn can direct public affairs 
and the education of their young, so as to safe-guard and 
hold precious the advanced civilization which they have 
conquered. Only under such a system, where private 



Mass Action. 61 



ownership of public utilities is abolished, can mankind 
ever hope to be able to follow honestly the golden rule 
of, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto 
you." 

Under the present system, the brotherhood of man 
and all that that implies, is impossible. 

MASS ACTION AND THE WORKERS. 

In the present great struggle for better living con- 
ditions, it seems at times that the great working classes 
become demoralized thru the economic power used 
against them by the capitalistic class, and by the ignor- 
ance and false teaching brought to bear on their already 
heavy burdens. Yet, these seeming periods of retrogres- 
sion,' are only the backward or retarding steps, that are 
to bring the great class of intelligent workers again 
forward. The next step will be the step of acceleration, 
which will bring greater liberty and progress than 
before. 

Tom Mann, the great labor syndicalist, speaking of 
the present labor movement, states that it is not 
necessary for all the workers to be class conscious in 
order to make their movement effective, but, that if only 
20 per cent of them are class conscious, and act in soli- 
darity, the spirit of mass psychology, which would 
follow any action of that 20 per cent, would be sufficient 
in overcoming all difficulties, and would finally result in 
their winning their labor battles against the capitalists. 

Mr. Mann speaks of the spiritual essence, or the im- 
buing the spirit of mass action into the workers for the 
gaining of labor victories. 

We must, however, not forget, that the capitalistic 
class combined with the great bourgeois, or middle 
class, who are, in a sense, the retainers of the capitalis- 
tic class, comprise about 20 per cent of all the people, 
who are well organized by the power of money, numbers 



62 False Religious, Political and Industrial Leaders. 

and situations of power advantage, such as militia, 
police, etc., who in times of differences between this 
class and the workers, prevent the workers from produc- 
ing or using the necessities of life, so as to sustain them 
long enough to become victorious in their struggle 
against the upper 20 per cent. Even when the great 
mass of workers have an opportunity of winning their 
fights, there are always a certain number of workers, 
who, either thru ignorance or the fear of starvation are 
usually added to the already well fortified upper 20 per 
cent, by being bought over to the classes in power in 
some way, either thru fear, false promises, or the false 
teachings of their political, industrial and religious 
leaders. 

So, the great labor problem is not a problem to be 
solved alone, by enthusing the workers with the "spir- 
itual essence" of illiterate mass action. While mass ac- 
tion is absolutely necessary, in the way of industrial 
organization, for the workers to win; yet, if that mass 
action is not based upon a class conscious intelligent 
knowledge by the workers, their victories will not be of 
long endurance. The result of the mass action of the 
French revolution has proven this. Many will tell you 
that the masses are more intelligent today than they 
were during that period, and that mass action victories 
by the workers, will be more staple and enduring. Many 
hope this to be true; but, alas, those staple victories do 
not occur as frequently as they would, were the great 
mass of workers more intelligent and class conscious. 



Working Class Tactics. 63 

THE NECESSITY FOR GREATER INTELLIGENT 
MASS ACTION BY GREATER CO-OPERA- 
TION OF THE WORKERS ON THE IN- 
DUSTRIAL AND POLITICAL FIELD. 

Working class tactics should not be so bigoted as 
to destroy the value of any form of education, valuable 
in opening the eyes of the workers; whether the tactics 
are political or industrial. Unquestionably, intelligent 
mass tactics on the industrial field would be more im- 
portant and effective than on the political field, as the 
fight is then carried on at the point of production; but 
the present psychology of the working class, it seems, is 
not sufficiently developed to take advantage of the 
power they possess, if they would act in mass on the in- 
dustrial field. 

If political action has not been as successful, as it 
was hoped at one time it would be, it, nevertheless, has 
played a role in developing many class conscious work- 
ers to the fact that the ultimate goal of working class 
action, is to be an industrial commonwealth ; and that 
every time they are sold out on the political field, it 
helps all the more to emphasize the necessity for grea- 
ter co-operation on the industrial field. 

Political action is already an action, the psychology 
of which is possessed by a very great number of the 
workers, and as a valuable educative factor, should not 
by any means be destroyed ; but should be used to show 
its weakness, and to derive any advantage, moral or 
otherwise, that might accrue from its use. 



64 More Co-operation. 

GREAT NECESSITY FOR GREATER SOLIDARI- 
TY AMONG THE UNIT WORKING MEM- 
BERS OF HUMAN SOCIETY. 

The unit workers of human society, thru necessity, 
are being brought together by bonds of the same inter- 
est, into closer harmony with each other. The unit 
workers of society, if they are to continue to exist as 
unit members, must lose some of their independency of 
action; or otherwise, instead of advancing and freeing 
themselves, as they would under a co-operative common- 
wealth, they will, one by one, and group by group, be- 
come entwined in the coils of that class that now con- 
trol them, until they in time will finally become abject 
slaves, without the privilege of even breathing the 
words hope and liberty. 

The individuals of the working class will be com- 
pelled to co-operate by organizing more and more, if 
they would preserve their liberties. Then individual 
movement, in a sense, will become restricted; but in a 
broader sense, greater movement, in the mass, will be 
produced, which will ensure and guard the existence, 
more than ever, of the majority of those single mem- 
bers of human society that make the total of mankind. 

This state of affairs is readily demonstrated by the 
different combinations and the efforts at greater organ- 
ization, which we see being daily attempted among the 
working classes. 

The capitalistic class, by their co-operation, have al- 
ready formed trusts, which are not only national in 
scope and character, but which are becoming daily more 
and more international. 

If co-operation is so beneficial and necessary for a 
certain class, which increases its profits by eliminating 
waste in the production of human necessities, by a better 
systematic method of producing commodities ;howmuch 
more necessary is it for the world's workers to build 



The Value of Their Work 65 

upon the present productive methods, by carrying on the 
co-operative plan a step farther than it has at present 
reached ; that is, by taking over all the great private in- 
dustries and running them for the benefit of all the work- 
ers. If the people of the United States can build a Pana- 
ma Canal, they can also build railroads, and own them. 
If the people can build fifteen million dollar war ships, 
they can also build factories, homes — and own them. 

WHY WORKING CLASS CO-OPERATION AND 
ORGANIZATION IS DISCOURAGED. 

Under the present system, capitalistic society co- 
operates to increase its profits, and by so doing exploits 
the workers. While the capitalists co-operate them- 
selves, they discourage by every means possible within 
their power, the co-operation of the workers from form- 
ing effective industrial unions. One does not need to 
go far to find the reason for this, for the co-operative 
capitalist knows, that if general co-operative industrial 
union of the workers take place, that the co-operative 
capitalist will be exterminated as a class, and that they 
will be compelled to enter the great class of workers as 
real physical and mental producers; and that they will- 
only receive in excess those benefits and honors, that the 
amount of their energies will bring them ; and not as at 
the present time, where one in many cases receives ten 
thousand times as much as another, who is not even de- 
serving of once the share of the humblest worker. 

No matter what the value of a man's physical or 
mental work may be, he should not be permitted to draw 
fifty million dollars a year, as Carnegie and some other 
millionaires do. Many men contend that while one 
worker may do things better than another, the value of 
their work is not worth one thousand dollars, while the 
other worker receives only a dollar or two. It is very 
apparent to any observer, that any industrial system, 



66 Individualism. 



that permits of such an uneven distribution of the pro- 
ducts of labor, must eventually result in great 
harm, and danger to the many, by the wealth and power 
finally becoming absorbed by the few. These few upon 
dying, leave this wealth and power, by the man made in- 
heritance law, to their children, most of whom, in turn, 
never attempt to do anything useful, and who discrim- 
inate against the great world of workers by their ineffic- 
iencies and ignorant arrogance thru the power that has 
been left to them, until the great masses are forced to cry 
out in agony and distress at their suffering. 

HUMAN CO-OPERATION IS OPPOSED TO 
HUMAN ANARCHY. 

Independent unit action of unit individuals, living 
and acting entirely independent of all other human be- 
ings, is a beautiful idealism. To conceive of all the mil- 
lions of individuals doing the world's work, simply be- 
ing guided to the duties of each, without human guid- 
ance or direction, without loss of time, energy or differ- 
ence of opinion ; with each single individual doing his 
work in such a highly intelligent manner as to be almost, 
if not entirely, automatic — is an ideal well worthy of 
the loftiest dreamer. This philosophical anarchistic 
idealogy is a beautiful mental state of which to conceive : 
it can be favorably compared to the orthodox theolog- 
ian's idea of heaven. 

As much as we would like to see these ideals come 
true, we must not deceive ourselves, for the laws of nat- 
ure are the facts which stand in the way of the con- 
summation of such a perfect human ideal state. 

True individual freedom is based upon the power 
which permits of the free action between human individ- 
ual units. It is not the independent action of the indi- 
vidual, but rather, the cohesive attraction of intelligent 
units to each other and for each others benefit. Such 



Economic Freedom 67 

independent cohesive attraction of individuals for each 
other, cannot attain their highest development under the 
present pernicious anarchistic industrial and soc- 
ial repressive methods, which stifle human development 
in the great majority of people. The liberation of 
man can only be effected by making men not only politi- 
cally free as many suppose, but economically free. Such 
real human freedom can only be brought about by an 
industrial commonwealth, where human energy and 
merit will take the place of privilege. The present law 
o£ property rights, real and personal, which now is 
transmissible by inheritance from one to the other, will 
in time be abolished to such a degree that proper- 
ty, such as real estate and industries of any kind produc- 
ing public necessities, will be owned and operated by 
the public commonwealth for the public's benefit.. Such 
an intelligent industrial commonwealth will produce in 
us ,as Jacobi has so beautifully said, "That free obedi- 
ence which makes the calls of unlovely egotism subord- 
inate to the interests of all alike," and which Mr. Holmes 
so well and aptly says, produces in us "activity, versa- 
tility, imagination, sympathy, a wide and free outlook, 
charm of manner and joy of heart." 

INDIVIDUAL ANARCHISM. 

Certain individuals today believe in the utmost free- 
dom of individual action ; among these are the philo- 
sophical anarchists who lose no time in propagating 
their theories. On the other hand, we have another 
class of men, our capitalists of today, who are also prac- 
tical anarchists, who do not propogate their views the- 
oretically, but practice them openly under the guise of 
capitalism. 

When one, a dozen, or even a thousand men are 
permitted by the masses thru the present so called 
legal and ethical methods to acquire billions of dollars^ 



68 How Leaders Usurp Intrusted Power. 

by the control of public industries and utilities, to the 
direct detriment and welfare of almost all the people, we 
then have in our midst the effects of practical anarchy, 
with a vengeance, where individual action in gathering 
power is as free as it is possible for it to be, in a state 
of human society. Savages, in all their animal ignor- 
ance, would never permit among themselves such ine- 
qualities when it came to gathering in the fruits of their 
labor. 

In the beginning of man's supremacy, those individ- 
uals who became sovereign in power, did so because the 
masses desired such sovereignty or leadership for their 
guidance and protection. But, invariably, such sover- 
eignty or leadership, even in these modern capitalistic 
times, whether king, politician or labor leader, did not 
subordinate itself to the will of the people, which made 
them sovereign for the welfare and guidance of them all 
alike. 

These leaders, after getting power, which in the be- 
ginning was bestowed upon them, as a rule, for the pro- 
tection of the tribe or nation, and themselves as well, 
did not descend, nor do they descend today to the level 
of the masses, who are the ones supposed to be benefit- 
ed by such leadership ; but under the past and present 
forms of government, they ascended, and elevated them- 
selves into exalted and different social states from that 
to which they formerly belonged, and for which they 
were used as guides, for their own protection as well as 
the ones they helped to protect. 

From the first primitive communism, when men 
fought to protect themselves from their enemies, those 
men endowed with the greatest strength fought beside 
their brothers of weaker strength, for the protection of 
all alike ; and it was only when those of greater power 
became aware of their strength, whether it was in the 
handling of a club or in the cunning of trickery, that 
they then drew aloof from their fellow men, and produc- 



Class Distinction. 69 



I ed class distinction, and arrogantly defended their new 
positions by oppression and hatred of the class forced 
below them, which class made their very leadership and 
j existence possible. So ever resulted the desire for in- 
i dependent individual action. It has mattered little 
i whether the individual was an emperor over millions, re- 
j ligious representative of God, or later day anarchist, 
| who professes belief in absolute independent individual- 
ism; these are all the same type of men produced and 
moulded in the great struggle for existence. 

The laws of evolution have taught us that our solar 
system is in a state of integration, or in a state of combin- 
ation and contraction, and man can be no exception to 
that evolutionary movement which must affect him, if 
he is going to develop as a race. 

The tendency of humanity is to develop from the 
single or simple to the complex. We have not yet, as a 
living, supreme successful race of beings, attained that 
maximum compound social state, capable of being reach- 
ed under the natural conditions which surround us. If 
we have reached that maximum stage of human develop- 
ment, then pity all mankind; for dissolution and disin- 
tegration of all the human social forces are beginning to 
take place, and man is doomed to idiocy, imbecility and 
animalism, — the state from which he came ! 

Those people, however, who have learned to think 
and reason, feel assured that no such catastrophe is in 
store for the human race ; and if anything, human suc- 
cess for the general masses is now more assured than 
ever before. 



70 Co-Operative Development. 

THE TENDENCY IS TO DEVELOP THE CO- 
OPERATE SOCIAL, AND NOT THE INDI- 
VIDUAL ANARCHISTIC STATE. 

The tendency for man to develop from the simple 
to the complex co-operative social state is illustrated by 
the following: 

Take for example the hermit, who lives in the wild- 
erness, far removed from the coercion of any other hu- 
man being. The hermit's position, so far as his person- 
al actions are concerned under these solitary conditions, 
is one of full independence. If he has found a road or 
cut one thru the forest, he has no human opposition as 
to when or how he shall travel over that road ; he owes 
no obedience to any human coercive law, for he is the 
law. Whatever he determines to do, he has no human 
antagonistic forces to stand in his way. But suppose, 
now, into this wilderness come other men, seeking new 
homes, or driven there by flight for purposes of safety; 
these new-comers then take up their abode in the forest 
with the hermit. The strangers find a road leading per- 
haps to some cool spring, river, sheltering cave or other 
place, — quickly use what they find. If the hermit who 
lives in this district, and uses these vehicles for his use 
and comfort, should object to the strangers using them, 
he must either by force, prevent them from being used, 
or yield to their common use. In case he does neither, 
he then removes himself from those things and places, 
which he used before unobtruded and alone. 

If he should prevent, by force, the use of his road, 
cave, spring, or whatever it might be, he either kills the 
intruders, or subjects them to his ruling, which very rul- 
ing reflects itself upon him ; for he then constantly has to 
uphold his own law, and to do this he surrenders part 
of his freedom, by being compelled by constant watch- 
ing to keep in subjection those who would force this 
arbitrary power from him. 



Basis of Law, Criminal, Civil and Moral. 71 

Again, if he yields and agrees to share in common 
the road, cave, spring, or whatever it might be, he then 
subjects himself to the loss of his independency of 
action, by permitting the strangers to drink, while he 
awaits his turn, etc. He cannot use that part of the 
road which he does not occupy, and which is occupied 
by another, except by certain forms of power; either by 
destruction of the opposing force, or by forcing a change 
in their position. This change of position is the funda- 
mental basis of all human law,— criminal, civil and moral. 

Again, if the hermit agrees to share in common the 
use, say, of his cave with the stranger or whoever it 
might be, then the position of the hermit in relation to 
the others with whom he shares part of the cave, is this : 
He cannot use any part of the cave, except that part 
which the others are not occupying — For if he desires 
to use or occupy the space which the others are 
using, he must either force them away by physical 
power, or gain their consent to obey him without being 
^physically forced to do so. 

Thus, in human society, one form of restriction after 
another is imposed upon each and every individual who 
would continue to live within the sphere of social exist- 
ence. It matters not whether it be m the city, country 
or wilderness. 

There is a cohesive and coercive attraction in the 
evolution of human society, that prevents the unit indi- 
vidual from acting independently of those laws of force 
and matter, that effect the aggregate of human society. 

iSiince a single human being is but the result of the 
aggregate of two human beings, that single being 
must and always will be subject to the positive and neg- 
ative actions of those sociological and biological laws, 
which have made the existence of every human 
individual in this world possible. The fundamental 
sociological law is the mutual interest two beings have, 



72 Co-operation and Security. 

who bring into the world, a third, in keeping it and them- 
selves alive. 

Therefore, the more numerous and higher develop- 
ed human society becomes, each individual unit, in order 
to protect and guard itself, must give up certain forms of 
its individual repressive and competitive measures, in 
return for that greater security from danger, vouchsafed 
in the better protection for each, by the aggregate, of 
two or more of its individual members. This fact is not 
only true of human beings, but is also true of all forms 
of life if they are to succeed. 

Gregarious animals find greater security, greater 
movement and less difficulty in supplying their wants 
when living in groups, herds or flocks. 

A lone animal has to confine itself to certain defin- 
ite limits, but when animals travel in groups, for ex- 
ample, like a pack of wolves, the individual wolf receives 
the benefit of the larger movement, which the aggregate 
units of the pack permit. In other words, the pack of 
wolves move further and safer than the individual wolf 
would by itself. When the individual unit moves with 
the pack, its movement is as great as the pack, and, 
therefore, greater than its movement would be, were it 
alone. 

In giving this illustration, we are not taking into ac- 
count what effect a highly organized force of superior 
intelligent beings, such as man, would have on lower 
forms of organized animals. Man by co-operation is cap- 
able of capturing or destroying any combination of in- 
ferior animals, no matter in what way they may live. 
Less than 150 years ago, the plains of the United 
States alone, supuuoruted from 2 to 300 million buffalo. 
Yet. man by his superior power, all but exterminated 
them. Taking away the danger of being destroyed by 
man, — the wolf, buffalo or any other developed animal, 
living or traveling in groups, is safer and better fit tc 
survive than if thev lived alone. 



Solitary Life. 73 



There are few forms of life, if any, that are strictly 
solitary. The tiger lives in the jungle, which is the 
place best suited for him in the present development of 
animal life. He has great strength and can conceal 
himself easily to catch his prey ; yet, by his forced non- 
gregarious mode of living, he is limited to certain con- 
stricted areas of land, and has not developed that free- 
dom of motion which gregarious or social forms oflife^ 
develop : whether it be the groupings of such gregarious 
animals and insects, as the buffalo, ants, bees, man, or 
any form of life of which one can think. It has only- 
been those forms of life that live in groups which develop 
the best. 

An eagle seeks safety on the high mountain tops- 
of non-inhabited regions. It gets its living by preying 
upon other forms of life; and man, in order to protect: 
himself, and those domesticated and other animals, upon-t 
which he lived, was compelled to destroy and drive; 
away the eagle, because it was directly dangerous to? 
him or to those forms of life upon which he himself 
lived. 

The eagle chose the lone peaks, mountain tops and 
sides of high precipices of the Andes, Himalyas, or Rock- 
ies, not so much that it loved the altitude of the moun- 
tains, but because it was forced there by man. What is- 
true of the eagle in this respect, is true of the lion, tiger, ; 
panther, puma and other wild animals in the choosing 
of their lairs. Man could never domesticate these fe- 
rocious animals so that they could be of service to him.. 
He had to destroy or drive them away to protect his life. 

But in the true analysis, these solitary forms of life 
are not solitary, for they live in districts best suited for 
their preservation, mate very readily, and rear their 
young, not far from each other, which shows a form of 
grouping that is closely related to gregarious forms. 

Due to certain factors that have been developed thru 
natural selection, such as, for instance, the development. 



74 Brain Capacity. 



in the eagle of great strength, powerful talons- wings 
and beak, it is able to defend itself singly from the at- 
tacks of other animals, finds easy security by living in 
inaccessible places, and when not having man to contend 
with, gets its food easily. 

Eagles, tigers, lions and other such powerful ani- 
mals, would, however, have fared better could they have 
lived gragariously, or in groups, but they could not ; for 
that higher conscious gregarious animal, man, would 
have developed or invented something thru his ability to 
•produce weapons and other instruments by means of his 
wonderful hands, which would have destroyed these 
animals more easily and in greater numbers at onetime. 
So, these animals developed solitary habits by being 
forced to live in inaccessible places. This was the only 
protection left for them, for were it otherwise, man 
would have destroyed them entirely ; as he did by killing 
off millions upon millions of American buffalo, until they 
were all but exterminated, 

Man, therefore, who is a highly developed conscious 
being, contains within himself the intellectual capacity 
for such knowledge, that if acquired and used by him, 
would protect him from the dangers that arise from the 
elements, such as cold, floods, draughts, animals, 
diseases, etc. Man's fight should be directed against 
the elements, and those strange forms of life- such as 
certain animals and germs, that are the cause of nearly 
all human ills. If man only used his brain and body in 
fighting these natural enemies, he would have enough to 
keep busy, and would develop the best traits in him. 
As it is now, we have to wait for the law of chance to 
produce better and brainier beings. If human intelli- 
gence were properly applied, man's struggle would be 
the competition of physical and mental merit against 
physical and mental merit, and not as it is now in most 
cases, the competition of those who have been fortunate 
-enough to have been left the power of wealth by inheri- 



How to Increase Human Efficiency. 75 

ance, and who compete with such power against the 
millions of poor. Many who inherit such wealth 
power are weaklings, mentally and physically, and use 
such unearned power against the many millions, pre- 
venting them from getting even one chance in a hun- 
dred to develop properly. 

The many millions of ignorant and oppressed, as I 
have said before, contain the capacity for physical and 
intellectual development many times greater than their 
present status. If this intelligence were properly and 
consciously used, it would produce a world of better, 
healthier and happier human beings, than we have ever 
known. 

When man competes with his own kind for exist- 
ence, he loses, thru competition, the best and strongest 
part of that energy, which he possesses, and which if 
directed and used co-operatively, under an industrial 
democracy, would produce greater human efficiency 
and happiness than we are aware of today. Under such 
a system it would, indeed, be possible to look and hope 
for that "brotherhood of man" of which the present sys- 
tem makes a farce. 

Today, human efficiency, as viewed in the light by 
civilized people, runs from 3 per cent in such countries 
as Russia, China, Japan, India and the oriental countries 
to about 20 per cent in the United States, which country 
unpuestionably shows a greater percentage of intelli- 
gent and well-to-do, or those that live well, perhaps with 
the exception of Germany. 

To increase this percentage of human efficiency 
from 3 or 20 per cent to 50 per cent or more* is the 
aim of those that advocate a co-operative Industrial 
commonwealth, or what is more commonly known as 
government ownership of all the industries where pub- 
lic necessities are produced. Whether it be food sup- 
plies, iron or coal mines, oil fields, forests, etc., or the 
machinery necessary to produce and transport such com- 



76 Why It It So Difficult? 

modities, such as factories, railroads, telephone, tele- 
graph, or any instrument or means used for the produc- 
tion or transportation of public necessities; all these 
socially produced necessities must be socially owned 
and DEMOCRATICALLY MANAGED by the people, 
if they expect to safe guard life and produce greater 
human happiness than we have today. 

It is absurd, many people will tell you, to attempt 
to bring about such a new social order. They point out 
instances where attempts were made to produce such 
conditions, and that they miserably failed. They for- 
get, or do not know, in telling you this, that where such 
conditions have been tried in spots, that the cause of fail- 
ure, in every instance, has been due to the hampering 
affects of the present pernicious commercial and politi- 
cal system, which crushes and ruins every endeavor of 
those who attempt to produce publicly owned industries 
and utilities. 

Those that attempt these changes cannot withstand 
for the present the pressure of the financial powers, who 
use every means or influence political, religious, finan- 
cial and social, that money can buy, to thwart the public 
from getting control of industrial institutions. This is 
the main reason why many attempts at public ownership 
or public direction of semi-private industries and utili- 
ties have been discredited and defeated. Yet, many un- 
thinking individuals will tell you that the people are too 
selfish or ignorant to run an industrial commonwealth ; 
and that such a social order if brought about, would not 
produce perfect conditions. No intelligent human being, 
if he has studied the laws of nature, pretends that the 
new social and industrial order will produce perfection. 
It is provoking to hear those say, who should know bet- 
ter, that if an industrial change should be brought about 
in our economic situation, such as the public ownership 
of all those industries necessary to feed, clothe and edu- 
cate efficiently the present and future generations, 



Who Expects Human Perfection? 77 

there would always be people who would not work ; that 
others would be selfish as to want more than what they 
were entitled to; and that, in fact the new conditions 
would be anything but perfect. 

No sane, intelligent human being expects an indus- 
trial commonwealth to make human perfection ; for, ac- 
cording to the most rabid religionist, no human being 
can ever be perfect. But if 60 per cent or 80 per cent of 
human efficiency is not better than the 3 or 20 per cent 
as we have today, then nothing in life is worth striving 
after, and according to our kind and charitable friends, 
it is just as well, if not better, to have the great masses 
nearer the animal line, than to have them develop into 
what the words imply, real human God-like creatures. 

The greatest criminals today in the world are those 
men and women who control the economic power, and 
thru this, the educational and religious, who pervert the 
beneficial influences of such power to the most degrad- 
ing and degenerate uses, and who are responsible for 
the greatest amount of human misery and suffering in 
the world today. 

FALSE CLAIMS GIVEN TO THE VALUE OF MAN 

TO MAN COMPETITION FURTHER 

DISCUSSED. 

I cannot but again repeat what I have said before, 
that mankind has developed primarily not thru man to 
man competition' but thru the competition between man 
and all those other forms of life not human; AND 
THAT MAN'S DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN IN 
SPITE OF MAN TO MAN COMPETITION. 

If man had not developed those chemical changes 
which he possesses in his blood, such as the anti-toxin and 
anti-body power to fight disease germs and their poisons, 
he would never have lived to be here today* 



78 —If— 

If man had not been developed by slight variations 
and chemical changes that produced physical changes, 
which finally resulted in the development of all the dif- 
ferent organs of his body, especially the fingers, he would 
never have become a highly socialized human being. 

If it were not, after man became a gregarious con- 
scious being, one borrowing from the other, the knowl- 
edge of the past, as it was handed down in its crude way 
to each ; man would never have developed into a highly 
conscious socialized being. 

If it were not for the less waring and competition 
today, compared to the direct competition by war in ages 
and centuries passed, man would still be a savage. 

If it were not for the peaceful pursuits of life, noth- 
ing of human cultural welfare would be produced. The 
great masses of people cannot think to develop mental- 
ly, when engaged righting each other for the mere ne- 
cessities of life. They can only think to kill and crush. 
A few get control — and control means slavery and ignor- 
ance for the masses. History contains the facts of the 
retarding influences of man to man competition, for the 
necessities of life. The people were thwarted from ad- 
vancing for thousands of years, by man, tribe, nation 
and race fighting each other for the things they could 
all have acquired easily. 

There has been more human progress during the 
last century than in the previous hundred centuries. 

If during the last hundred years of comparative 
peace, man has been able to accomplish as much as he 
has under a poor system of co-operation — what is pos- 
sible for him to accomplish under a better and greater 
system of co-operation, such as an industrial common- 
wealth would be. 

In order to drive the lesson home, I cannot help but 
repeat again, lest the reader has forgotten what I have 
already said before, that it has only been the ability of 
the human race to kill or render harmless those small 



Adding Man to Man Struggle. 75 

and large forms of life, dangerous to man's welfare, that 
he is in existence today. Human ravages by bacteria 
that cause smallpox, tuberculosis, pneumonia, scarlet 
fever, diphtheria, measles, and hundreds of other 
diseases too numerous to mention, all are the result of 
man's eternal struggle for existence against other forms 
of life, except his own kind. By adding the man to man 
struggle, the fight weakens him instead of making him 
stronger and more fit to survive. 

When man possesses communicable or infectious 
diseases, he then becomes dangerous to his fellow-man. 
How many people would enter a home not their own, 
knowing that small pox or some other pest was present 
there? Most people, it is sad to say, have not the least 
idea what the real dangers to life are. It is due to this 
general misunderstanding and ignorance that people suf- 
fer so much physically, from diseases, and from miser- 
able industrial conditions, that produce disease and 
poverty. The great majority of people are hampered to 
such an extent, in trying to make a living, that they 
never have an opportunity to learn. It has been demon- 
strated by able socioligists that 90 to 95 out of every 
hundred normal people have equal brain capacity; that 
is, one may make a good tailor, but a poor plumber, 
while the other w T ould make a good plumber but a poor 
tailor; and so it would run thru the whole 90 per cent. 
But under our present educational system, it is very 
questionable if 20 per cent of that 90 per cent are ever 
developed to become good tailors, plumbers, doctors, 
teachers, etc. 

I again repeat that man in fighting 'man for a liv- 
ing NEVER DEVELOPED THE HAND AND FING- 
ERS. He possessed these physical instruments, ages 
before he began to fight himself. Can you imagine any 
nation of men and women, all without hands and fing 
ers, producing any wonderful invention? What othet 
animal beside man has produced any great mechanical 



SO The Cry of the Masses. 

contrivance? It has been the development of the sense 
: :ouch and the ability to manipulate objects with the 
fingers which developed the human brain to what it is 
today. Had it not been for this higher development, due 
to the hand, man would still be a prowling, beastial 
savaee. OUR EARLY PROGENITORS WERE 
FIRST HAND BRAINED, THIS IS NOW GENER- 
ALLY ACKNOWLEDGED BY ALL STUDENTS 
OF ETHNOLOGY. 

S : thru the processes of natural selection, conscious 
-and unconscious, man has developed all the physical and 
mental characters of which he is possessed today. And 
it also is true beyond doubt, that thru conscious natural 
selection, or what we call today human intelligence, man 
has been enabled to preserve mam- more millions of his 
own kind to live and procreate themselves, than has evei 
before been known. In other words, the fit instead of 
being made unfit by mans competitive methods against 
man, are developed under a human intelligent co-operat- 
ive ?; s:em, to live fit and procreate many more millions 
as survival of the fit. So, the cry today is becoming 
greater and greater by the intelligent masses of thinkers 
and workers the world over, for the establishment of 
nothing less, than an industrial commonwealth, where 
the tremendous waste of human life and energy will be 
greatly eliminated. Man. thru such a commonwealth 
will be enabled to establish a better educational system, 

rein millions will become educated instead of thou- 
sands. Then thru study and co-operation he will use 
those natural laws, which will redound to his welfare. 
There will be less fit brought into the world and less fit 
to eliminate, and a higher standard of fitness for each 
individual will be brought about consciously. 

In the past the fit were produced mainly thru 
the Law of Chance (in speaking of the Fit, I 
mean those mentally and physically capable), there have 
been manv who have been given wealth power thru in- 



-False Standard of Fitness. 81 

heritance, who ruled and controlled the destinies of 
nations, but who were no more capable or fit to do so 
than a dog or an insect. We have thousands of like 
instances today among the many rich who have inher- 
ited wealth power, who are entirely unfit' and who 
thru the use of such power, degenerate and keep 
mankind in ignorance and misery. This class has pro- 
duced a false standard of fitness that is a danger to the 
human race. 

If the unfit rich could be eliminated as easily as the 
unfit poor are eliminated, then many of the human prob- 
lems would more easily be solved ; but the present sys- 
tem is controlled by a class that will not change that 
system to eliminate itself as a class. 

The present economic ethics of private ownership, 
of private and semi-public industries must be changed to 
the public ownership by the people, if they expect to 
produce a fit, happy and progressive human race. 

Since the great difference and difficulty that pre- 
vents better human conditions for the great majority of 
people today, is one of man to man competition, I can- 
not help but dwell further on this particular phase of the 
subject I can say almost prophetically that the great 
differences now existing between millions of people in 
religious belief, which help to create misunderstanding 
and misdirection in matters pertaining to supplying 
their material necessities and comforts of life, would be 
almost eliminated by the establishment of an Indus- 
trial Republic. 

Such a republic would greatly remove the degrading 
and degenerating influences of religious ignorance, re- 
ligious bigotry and human inefficiency with its tremen- 
dous waste on the industrial field. 

In place of ignorance, hatred and strife there would 
be established a more efficient system, with a better un- 
derstanding of all things beneficial materially and 
psychically for the human race. 



82 Can We Overcome Poverty and Ignorance? 

Those differences on the industrial and religious 
field as they exist today would be looked upon as in- 
human, barbarous, and only worthy of rapacious and 
savage creatures. 

When men, in the past, continued to live by direct 
competition between each other for the necessities of 
life, by killing and eating one another, as the cannibals 
did, or by their sacrificing human life to their deities, or, 
by the killing of each other for the sake of false patriot- 
ism, or what we in later times were led to believe was 
bravery : mankind, then indeed, were few in numbers as 
compared with today. When, or wherever, ignorance 
forced man to depend unconsciously upon the natural 
laws for survival, whole tribes and races were extermin- 
ated, or nearly so, by the ravages of human wars, 
diseases and the inability to get or raise sufficient food 
to tide over times of draught, or other natural conditions 
unfavorable to human existence. 

Today, since superstition and ignorance is giving 
way to scientific intelligence — plagues and epidemics of 
diseases are prevented by the simplest processes; i. e,. 
the prevention of typhoid fever, dysentary, etc.. by filt- 
ering or boiling the water we drink, or by the building 
up of immunities against dangerous diseases like small- 
pox, by certain well known simple scientific methods of 
vaccination and injection. 

If we can fight disease so well by intelligence and a 
little co-operation, why cannot we fight poverty and ig- 
norance successfully? Surely these two latter conditions 
are well within the range of human prevention — indeed, 
much more so than the preventative knowledege we pos- 
sess with regard to human diseases. 

The theory, that man to man competition, for the 
necessities of life, was necessary to develop better and 
brainier men and women, is ridicuously false, if one only 
stops to analyze the matter. It has been scarcely a 
few hundred vears since North and South America was 



Shrewdness, Strength and Inventive Ability. 83 

but a huge wilderness, peopled by few waring 
savages, who were continually murdering one another 
in their competition to get things, which all could have 
enjoyed without their butcheries. Enough of ingenuity 
to develop the highest type of man, was required in each 
individual in fighting the wild beasts, and other elements 
of nature. Cunning, shrewdness, strength and inventive 
ability, all were required to fight those things not 
human; but in the struggle, while developing means for 
overcoming wild beasts and other unfavorable elements 
— man, in his ignorance and savagery, turned those very 
means of his meager development against his fellow 
man, and the result was a terrible struggle between 
them for life. As man developed, the excuse for 
fighting and murdering one another was changed at 
different periods to suit those in power. At one time it 
was a religious excuse ; at another, patriotism for the 
fatherland; at another, capitalism advocating private 
ownership, to develop, as they would have you believe, 
under a cut-throat degenerating competition, the best 
that is in us. 

The pity of the whole thing was that the millions 
have actually believed that all these false inhumanizing 
agencies were necessary for man in his relation to God, 
to the State, to the Church, and to his fellow-man. 

At one time the religionist believed that God com- 
manded war and such similar acts of murder, and that it 
was a divine punishment to have sickness, poverty, fam- 
ine and all other kinds of human misery. Today capit- 
alism, with its private ownership of the means of life, 
would have you believe, that only the highest types of 
human beings can be produced under its wasteful, crim- 
inal and murderous system. 

The only reason today that such countries as North 
and South America have millions of human beings, in- 
stead of thousands, as years ago, is because the people 
are co-operating more in the production for their neces- 



84 False Standards. 



sities than the savage did who formerly lived in those 
places, and who, to satisfy false standards of religious 
and patriotic ideals, were continually murdering one 
another. 

Take, for example, what has been accomplished on 
the continent of Europe in the last two hundred years, 
in the way of preserving and safe-guarding human life. 
Thru a better intelligence, countries that not more than 
50 to 60 years ago, supported populations of 20 millions 
or less, now support populations of 40 and 50 millions. 
England, Germany and Austria are countries that easily 
show this tremendous increase of people, not to speak 
of the United States, which has increased its population 
in 150 years from 3 million to over 100 million. 

IF ONE WERE TO ASSUME THAT IF THE 
WORLD HAD NOT INCREASED IN POPULATION 
IN THE LAST 100 YEARS, AND THAT HUMANITY 
WOULD BE JUST AS WELL OFF WITHOUT 
THE PRESENT INCREASE, ASK THE ONE WHO 
THINKS AND REASONS THAT WAY, IF IT 
WOULD NOT MAKE AND DIFFERENCE TO HIM 
OR HER, OR THEIR PARENTS, BROTHERS, SIS- 
TERS, WIFE OR CHILDREN, IF HE AND THEY 
WERE EXTERMINATED OR SUBJECTED TO 
DEGENERATING DISEASES WHICH WOULD 
ULTIMATELY BRING THIS ABOUT? 

A fact is a fact, and the fact of the matter is, we are 
here as living human beings ; and if we, as intelligent be- 
ings, are to remain a free, healthy and happy people, se- 
cure to enjoy that life that has been thrust upon us, we 
must receive the benefit of those achievements which 
mankind is ever discovering and inventing. Humanity 
cannot receive sufficient of those benefits which accrue 
from great inventions and discoveries under the present 
wasteful capitalistic or private ownership methods. This 
can only be accomplished by the people taking over all 



Political or Industrial Directors? 85 

the privately owned industries, and forming one huge 
corporation, with each special industry under the man- 
agement of a local Board of Directors, chosen from the 
workers, and these in turn to be directed by a general 
Board of Directors. In other words, a central Board of 
Directors, directing the affairs of decentralized indus- 
tries, each industry to be situated in that part of the 
country where it is best suitable, and these local 
or decentralized industries to be directed by effic- 
ient men, all of whom shall be workers who have been 
found trust worthy and competent to direct the produc- 
tion of public necessities ; and in turn the whole affair to 
be owned and operated by the people, for the purpose of 
use and not for profit. In fact, the establishment of noth- 
ing more or less than a democratically managed indus- 
trial commonwealth. 

If people today pride themselves on the fact, that 
they have the privilege of voting for, and electing those 
political officials, who are supposed to give expression 
to their desires and wishes in matters pertaining to the 
regulation of factories, mills, mines, railroads, child- 
labor and other things pertaining to their living and wel- 
fare, — how much more are the people capable of choosing 
directors, or what is the same — superintendents and fore- 
men, etc., from among the numerous workers, whom 
they know personally to be efficient and capable, or of 
those whom they have heard frequently on account of 
their ability and merit. In these decentralized industrial 
institutions, regulated by a central form of management, 
the workers would be much more capable of choosing 
their directors, such as superintendents and foremen, 
than the poor deluded voters are of choosing their pres- 
ent political directors, of whom they know little or noth- 
ing, and who are dominated by the capitalists to such 
an extent, that it often takes years to enforce the least 
public beneficial measure. 



86 Financial and Judicial Oligarchy. 

Laws seemingly for the public benefit are continual- 
ly brought up by these political directors in the various 
legislative halls. Some that look very good, pass, — and 
if examined closely after they pass, are found to be good 
cripples of the healthy originals. Or, if by chance a law- 
passes that would be a public benefit, and it is found to 
interfere with the money power, it is soon laid to rest 
by constituted higher political authorities or directors, 
who find such a law or laws unconstitutional. 

Chief Justice Clark of the N. Carolina Supreme 
Court, had the hardihood at a recent meeting of lawyers 
and judges, to denounce the present system of judicial 
oligarchy and governmental control by the few. 

The following article clipped from one of Pittsburg's 
dailies of January 29th, speaks for itself : 

GOVERNMENT BY JUDGES. 

"Chief Justice Clark, of the North Carolina supreme 
court, is likely to find himself unpopular with the judicial 
system, what the man in the street calls "in bad." 

When a supreme court chief justice says right out, 
in a meeting of judges and lawyers, that all government 
in this country lies at the feet of a judicial oligarchy 
he is not taking a course that will add to his popularity 
among those who believe in the gospel of Whatever Is. 
But when he takes the next step, and warns this judicial 
oligarchy that its very power will prove its greatest 
weakness, that this autocratic position will in itself top- 
ple the oligarchy from its self-erected throne, he takes a 
radical and desperate plunge. 

In the eyes of the judicial oligarchy it is treason for 
a judge to even take his head out of the sand long 
enough to see the injustice of much that is passing with 
us under the name of law, but to forecast the downfall 
of the oligarchy means death to the traitor if the future 
is to be gauged by the past. 



Graft 87 

Justice Clark says governmental control, as in all 
other countries, is in the hands of a few. The form of 
government we have learned makes no difference. The 
question is, where does the control lie. He answers his 
own question by replying, in the courts, since the day 
the supreme court usurped the power to veto any act of 
congress even after that act had been given the consid- 
eration and approval of the President as the legal and 
logical conclusion of the work of congress. 

This, says Justice Clark, was seized upon by special 
interests, and by all those who believe in the govern- 
ment of the many by the few. And it remains that way 
today. He repeated the warning to the United States 
supreme court of Justice Harlan, that the people will not 
submit to this usurpation — they will destroy the oli- 
garchy." 

Since such is the abominable but undeniable state of 
affairs that confront the people, would it not be safer 
and better for the public to destroy a system that pro- 
duces money and judicial oligarchies, and in their place 
establish an Industrial Commonwealth, wherein all 
private industries producing life's necessities would be 
abolished? 

When men will not be permitted to own public in- 
dustries, as railroads, steel plants, mines, forests, tele- 
graph and telephone lines and such other public neces- 
sities, or to acquire in any other way millions of dollars 
wrung from the blood and lives of the people, (the 
Morgans received 68 million dollars for organizing a 
steel corporation), graft to a great extent must cease, 
because the incentive to graft will be absent; for no 
man will be permitted to acquire great wealth. 

Would it not be safer and better for the public to 
take a chance with such an Industrial Commonwealth, 
tho it may not prove absolutely perfect, than to rely 
upon the present miserable, wretched, wasteful system? 

The workers in every endeavor under this new in- 



88 The Good of Mankind. 

dustrial order would choose directors, such as their fore- 
men and superintendents, to manage their industries, 
whom they know to be intelligent and fit. They will 
choose them because they know them to be capable and 
trustworthy, because they have found them so daily in 
the shop, mine, mill, hospital, etc. The incentive to be- 
come a foreman, superintendent, etc., will be as great if 
not greater than it is today to become a mayor, gover- 
nor, etc. 

The chances under such a system for human better- 
ment would be a thousand times greater than the pres- 
ent political-capitalistic system now affords. The people 
now vote once a year or so, for those whom they know 
little or nothing about, and who are the men that regu- 
late those things by which they live. The people are 
awakening to the fact that the present political repre- 
sentatives or directors are compelled, under this system, 
in most cases, to do the bidding of those controlling the 
money power. 

Hobbes, that splendid thinker, a few hundred years 
ago said, "The aim of government is the good of man- 
kind." I, also, contend with Hobbes, that if human 
achievements are not for the purpose of bringing health 
and happiness to the great majority of mankind, that "It 
were better," as Huxley has said, ''that some kindly 
comet would sweep the whole thing away." 

But as this particular planet upon which we live has 
not been struck by any other planet or comet, within the 
memory of man, we presume that we are to remain here 
for sometime, and since this is the case, the solution of 
the human problems of disease, misery, slow starvation, 
murder and robbery on the industrial field, and prosti- 
tution on the social field, cannot and will not be solved 
by some passing star or comet. 

We are here as a people and must solve our prob- 
lems ourselves if they are going to be solved. If this 
is to be accomplished, the struggle, in a higher sense, 



Ince ntive to Emulate 89 

must be % between man and those elements and forces of 
nature not human, and not thru the competition of man 
against man for the necessities of life ; rather the compe- 
tition of merit between man and man of the one who can 
achieve or give the greatest benefits to mankind. 

The inventors, miners, machinists, doctors, teach- 
ers or any workers of merit will have a higher place of 
fame and appreciation in the new industrial social order 
than they have today. Better and higher standards of 
worth and excellence will be established, and with an 
equal opportunity which all men and women will enjoy, 
the incentive to emulate those of proven worth and 
merit will be closely followed by the great multitudes. 
Many in the attempt to reach higher places, will 
be lifted to a higher general plane of human fitness, tho, 
they may prove themselves afterwards not to be as great 
as those they sought to emulate. 



COMPETITION BETWEEN MERIT AND MRRIT, 

AND NOT BETWEEN WEALTH POWER 

AND IGNORANT WEAKNESS. 

The running of a foot race between two college 
athletes, is not the competition between them for food 
and mere existence, for as a rule they have both had the 
best care and training, in order to be permitted to run 
against each other. SINCE A RACE IS RATHER 
TO DEMONSTRATE THE BEST DEVELOPED IN 
BOTH, WHO ARE PHYSICALLY FIT, THEN LET 
THE RACE FOR EXISTENCE BE A RACE OF 
COMPETITIVE MERIT BETWEEN CIVILIZED 
HUMAN BEINGS UNDER A CO-OPERATIVE IN- 
DUSTRIAL COMMONWEALTH, AND NOT THE 
COMPETITIVE ANIMAL RACE FOR EXIST- 
ENCE, WITH THE POWERFUL RICH AGAINST 



90 Food. Clothing. Shelter and Education. 

THE IGNORANT, THE POOR, THE WEAK AND 

THE OPPRESSED. 

Any true lover of sport would be willing to tight, if 
he saw a miserable sick wretch, who could scarcely walk, 
much less run, and who never had received any training, 
pitted and forced to race against an athlete well fed and 
well trained; and then seeing this same fortunate 
-athlete, who had the benefit of good training that 
■money power could give him, strutting about after win- 
ning such an unequal race, proudly boasting of his super- 
iority. If this same athlete had been pitted against 
-another athlete, who had had the benefit of good train- 
xsg — if he then had won, — then the race would have been 
one of merit, and the winner would be entitled to all the 
lionor that it would be possible to give such an individu- 
al, providing that such honor did not interfere with the 
rights ::' those things by which the loser afterwards is 
forced to live upon, such as food, clothing, shelter and 
education. 

The unequal race between the well trained, 
-well fed athlete and the untrained wretch, who was forc- 
ed to race against such a fortunate opponent, can be lik- 
ened to the present race in the great human struggle for 
existence today on the industrial field, where the power- 
ful rich boast of their superiority over those whom they 
never permit to rise, by proper training, so as they could 
really compete with them. 

Properly train the great masses thru education, and 
it would not be long before we would have races well 
v. ; rthy of intelligent human beings ; races based upon 
merit, where the real great would be appreciated and 
honored more than it is possible for those of real merit 
to be honored today. As it is today, the great masses 
are not sufficiently intelligent to appreciate the greatness 
of such minds as Darwin, Spencer, and many others like 
them. In most cases they take the word of some lectur- 
er, teacher, or preacher, that such and such a man was a 



91 The Few Enrich Themselves. 

great man. Of the 15 hundred millions of people living 
in the world today, it is not far fetched to say, that not 
one per cent ever even heard of the world's best thinkers. 

The real human fit should survive. Today 
many an unfit thru the inheritance of money, holds 
power over millions preventing them from rising to 
stations worthy of developed and cultured human beings. 
IF THE UNFIT RICH, AS I HAVE SAID BEFORE, 
COULD BE ELIMINATED AS READILY AS THE 
UNFIT POOR, THEN THE SOLUTION TO THE 
GREAT HUMAN STRUGGLE WOULD NOT BE 
SO DIFFICULT. 

The recognition of human merit must ever prevail 
if mankind is to rise to noble stations of life, but the sys- 
tem that permits of the transmission of great power, in 
the way of money, land, industries or other wealth of 
such public nature, to those, who more often than not, 
are unfit for such power, degrades not only themselves 
but also lowers the standard of merit for the great 
masses, by the false standards which they mould and 
uphold. The majority of the people never having had 
the opportunity to properly educate themselves, try like 
monkeys to imitate such false leaders in social, political, 
religious and industrial customs, with the result that the 
few enrich themselves at the expense and stupidity of 
the many. 



92 Why Civilization is Retarded. 

POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, INDUSTRIAL AND 
SOCIAL CUSTOMS NOT ALWAYS CON- 
TROLLED BY REASON. 

Custom, we must not forget, links us to ways 
stronger than chains of iron and steel. 

While the religious symbols, the faith and knowl- 
edge of our early ancestors was a natural development of 
the mental growth of man, because these symbols repre- 
sented the first apperceptive knowledge of primitive 
man, yet those very symbols in turn became so arbi- 
trarily fixed within the minds of early races, that instead 
of continuing the growth of man rapidly to a higher con- 
scious development, they became mental instruments, 
for human oppression and slavery. 

While, as I have said before, the early symbols repre- 
sented the conscious growth of man, these symbols, be- 
came after a time, so arbitrarily fixed in the minds of the 
people, that higher symbolization was prevented under 
penalty of torture and death. This is one of the main 
reasons why civilization was so long retarded, and is 
kept back even today. 

As the totem pole, and human sacrifice, were holy 
symbols to the savage mind, so, in time, these became re- 
placed by symbols of altars, personal sacrifice and pray- 
er, a much higher conscious symbolic development than 
that which the savage possessed. So, man, once started 
in the symbolic or conscious development, began slow- 
ly to change the forms of the symbols that represented 
what he knew and what he worshiped. 

Today the honest thinkers are crying for a change 
of symbols that will represent man's nobler station in 
life. 

Instead of totem poles, human sacrifice, self mutila- 
tion, worshipping of idols in the presence of smoke and 
incense burning fires, holy wars, etc., the people are de- 
manding symbols such as up to date hygienic homes, 



Animalism and Humanism. 93 

public play grounds, healthy recreation for young and 
old, schools to properly educate the masses, economic 
industrial changes, where the worker will receive in re- 
turn for his work a decent respectable living, secure 
from the privations of poverty, and the fear of want in 
old age. These are some of the symbols which the 
people are beginning to demand shall represent their 
higher mental development. Such symbols will never 
interfere with the belief of man in God or even the Devil 
if he choose to believe in such a being. Such new sym- 
bols, however, will exalt the faith of all men to the nob- 
lest and highest reverence for creation, and the respect of 
man for man thru reason, and not thru the dumb animal 
faith of our ancestors. Faith built upon reason is the 
science of the new religion. 

The custom of the savages, barbarians, and semi- 
civilized races, whether religious, political or social, were 
more fixed, arbitrary and tyrannical than any law written 
or implied by a modern civilized race. But primitive and 
savage man, perhaps, never felt oppression as civilized 
man feels it. While he felt and suffered physical pain, 
he did not suffer mental inconvenience. 
His ideas, as a rule, were first imitatively fixed, and 
he took for granted the customs and laws, whether writ- 
ten or implied, were a part of something of which he was 
connected, and over which he had no control. 

He thought by analogy or imitation, and did not 
reason by analysis as modern man does. He had no 
theories; he obeyed custom as fanatics, religious, politi- 
cal, economic and social obey them today. The savage, 
therefore, had no super-sensitive intellectual mental 
makeup, from which to suffer by thought the lowliness 
or animalism of his condition. 

When humanism had started to develop in the nerv- 
ous structure of the savage, he then became aware of his 
state gradually by his daily experiences and the activities 
of things about him. 



94 Church Powers, and Economic Determinism. 

Finally, after man began to record his experiences, 
thru his archaic development, such as recording his 
customary sensations and observations on stone and 
wood, man then entered the first quarter in the devel- 
opment of a higher conscious being; and as he grew in 
this conscious development, customary habits in relig- 
ious and social life which were fixed and unalterable for 
centuries and centuries, in many instances, began to give 
way to this higher consciousness, and customs became 
more plastic and less conservative. When the human 
conscience thru its intelligence, reached that point that 
it reasoned by analysis instead of by imitation, then 
humanity began to make strides in civilization, which 
made possible human progress. 

The custom in Europe of religious thought, of pol- 
itical thought, of industrial thought, from the fourth or 
fifth century after Christ's time, until the fifteenth cent- 
ury, was so fixed thru ignorance on the one hand, and eco- 
nomic determinism on the other, that darkness and stag- 
nation covered the whole of Europe for twelve hundred 
years, until the darkness and gloom of those twelve cen- 
turies of ignorance began to be infiltrated by the light of 
modern science, which was brought about by the eco- 
nomic determinism which caused the rise of the great 
middle or commercial class against the nobility, and ec- 
clesiastical powers. 

The Church powers, or those that controlled the re- 
ligious thought, after conquering the minds of the great 
masses enjoyed peace and economic security. This very 
economic security and peace which the clergy felt a::er 
physically and spiritually or mentally conquering the 
nations of Europe during the middle ages, was in a meas- 
ure responsible for modernism. The Church became all 
powerful. It is estimated that during the 9th and 10th 
centuries it owned from one-third to one-half of all 
the valuable cultivable lands. Such a state of affairs gave 
to the ecclesiastical powers of the Church, physical and 



Mental and Physical Security. 95 

mental security — physical security, by having mental 
cortfro^over millions of faithful followers, obviating the 
danger of revolution and over-throw of the Church by 
the masses ; — and mental security, in the benefits derived 
from the vast ownership of lands, and church taxes paid 
for their support and comfort by their faithful and ardent 
followers, the people. 

During this period in Europe there was constant 
warfare between the nobility; but as a rule, while the 
masses, under the instigation of the nobility and church 
leaders were killing each other, their fighting was sel- 
dom directed against the Church — but, in their ignorance 
against each other. 

The clergy possessed immense power and riches- 
They were the only class at that time able to read, write 
and think. They were responsible for keeping the mass- 
es in ignorance for twelve hundred years ; yet as peculiar 
as it may seem, they were likewise responsible for keep- 
ing alive the little knowledge then in man's possession. 

The prayers of the clergy were said in Latin, and 
they were the only ones able to read and understand 
them. The works of the great Greek philosophers, Ari- 
stotle, Plato, Xenophanes, and others, during the power- 
ful period of the Roman empire had been translated into 
the Latin by the Romans, and remained after the down- 
fall of the Roman Power as a rich heritage to the clergy- 
of the Christian Church. 

The clergy being rich, powerful and respected, many 
of them, thru the love of learning, took advantage of 
their security by studying and arguing, among them- 
selves, all sorts of metaphysical questions. As long as 
these arguments did not interfere with the dogmas of 
the Church, the Church did not forbid them. This 
period, known as the Scholastic period, kept alive the 
small and flickering light of what was to develop later 
into the flame of modern civilization. Such men as 
Descartes, Abelrad, Bruno, Copernicus, were affiliated 



96 Heretics and Modern Civilization. 

with the church ; yet were splendid thinkers, and gave 
much that was beneficial to modern thought and science. 

The great lesson we learn from this period is this: 
The Catholic Church, struggling at first for a foot-hold, 
was in the beginning oppressed, and when it overcame 
opposition and became powerful, it in turn oppressed 
the great masses, by keeping them in physical and men- 
tal bondage. This state of affairs, as I have said be- 
fore, gave such security to the clergy, so much so, that 
many of their better thinkers gave themselves up to the 
pleasure of studying Greek speculative philosophy; and 
as the Greek speculative philosophy was the opposite 
of Christian theology, as it was based upon reason in- 
stead of faith — those men who engaged themselves in 
such studies began to reason beyond the faith and dog- 
mas of the church. From these better thinkers finally 
arose those heretics against the church, who gave so 
much to modern civilization. 

In the fifteenth century, twenty years after it was 
permitted to dissect human bodies for scientific pur- 
poses. Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood. 
This was the great discovery of the age, and gave a 
wonderful scientific impetus to modern medicine. 

From this time human development became so 
great, and the merchant class so powerful, that they 
began to replace the nobility of the church and state. 
Economic determinism forced the middle class to fight 
the church powers and nobility of that period for rec- 
ognition. This was the forerunner of the present pow- 
erful capitalistic class. 

In the analysis of these mediaeval social and eco- 
nomic conditions, I am not so much concerned with 
showing which class succeeded or which failed, as I 
am concerned in proving, that during what were peace- 
ful periods for the clerical class, the only class of that 
time who could read and think, that finding themselves 



Peace Finds Time to Learn. 97 

thus secure from want and poverty, found time to turn 
their attention to learning. Thus, many of the clergy, 
during what proved to be peaceful times for them, thru 
study, made many new observations, and discovered 
many new facts concerning nature and our existence, 
which they recorded and gave to man. Tho, the priest, 
Copernicus, was called to Rome to rescind his opinions 
of the solar system, and was afterwards sent by the 
Church to some far off village to be forgotten, yet, as 
an old man, on his death bed he managed to have his 
works secretly conveyed to a place of safety, where 
they could be given to the world for the benefit of man. 
Can any manner of logic or reason make an in- 
telligent, sane individual believe, that if the studies and 
efforts of Copernicus had been destroyed by the Church 
and lost to the world, that it would have been better 
for mankind? For in the instance of Copernicus, the 
danger to future mankind of the loss of his studies 
and observations was not from disease, lower ani- 
mals, or the inability to get food ; but the great 
danger to the priceless observations of this priest and 
others like him, was from a few men who comprised the 
military and church rulers, who at that time were bene- 
fitted by certain fixed customs in religious and economic 
beliefs, which had been in vogue for over a thousand 
years, and who, fearing for their power, tried in every 
way possible to stamp from the minds of men or pre- 
vent the minds of men receiving those great and fun- 
damental truths discovered by such men as Copernicus, 
Galileo. Spinoza, and others. The world can little rea- 
lize at the present time the retarding influences of those 
fixed and arbitrarv customs in economics and religious 
dogmatisms, influenced for the most part by economic 
determinism, that have kept human liberty and human 
progress in check for thousands of years. 



98 Impetus to Human Progress Hampered. 

If thought has been given the subject, one can 
readily appreciate how man had to struggle to bring 
new facts into the world. Impetus to human progress 
and development was thus ever hampered by man to 
man competition which forced an aggressive minority 
class, whether military, religious, or otherwise, to op- 
press and retard mankind and civilization. The con- 
stant warfare of nation against nation, tribe against 
tribe, and man against man, by the brutal and animal 
competition for the necessities of life, believed by many 
today as necessary for human progress, has been and 
will always be degrading and harmful to the physical, 
mental and moral progress of the human race. 

THE SPIRIT OF AGGRESSION AND NON- 
AGGRESSION; RESISTANCE AND 
NON-RESISTANCE. 

The spirit displayed by the class in economic pow- 
er, as a rule, has always been an aggressive one against 
those whom they had in their power and forced be- 
neath them. If the subjection of the masses by the 
few was not one of actual physical slavery, it finally 
became, as much as possible, one of mental slavery, for 
the masses were taught from infancy to reverence ab- 
surd customs and pernicious orthodox teachings. This 
mental slavery during feudal times produced physical 
slavery. The masses became non-resistant to what was 
evil and dangerous to them, and were blind, willing 
tools, who sacrificed themselves on the altars of pa- 
triotism and false religious beliefs, for the benefit of 
their Kings, Lords or clerical masters. 

Those in power, as a class, never before the time 
of Christ, nor since then, practiced non-aggression 
against the masses. The spirit of the ruling class has 
always been one of aggression. We have had in- 



The Difference Between Resistance and Competition 99 

stances of individuals giving their all for mankind's 
benefit) buit these cases were few and the exception to 
the rule. 

Those in power could never forego non-aggres- 
sion, because the great bulk of humanity, if they wfere 
not too stifled with the superstition of ignorance and 
religious dogmatisms and idolatries, threw off the 
chains which bound them and resisted physically and 
mentally the usurpations of those who ruled and made 
them slaves. As the intelligence of the people increas- 
ed, so their resistance increased against the evils of 
poverty, starvation and disease. Effective resistance 
of the masses was always more successful when they 
could think and act co-operatively against the dangers 
that threatened their existence. So, resistance, by the 
masses, to evil of any kind was not, or is not at the 
present time, the spirit of competition, as many would 
have you believe. It was the spirit of resistance against 
aggression. When the masses became so subdued by 
a few of their own kind that they could not alter their 
conditions, because either of mental or physical slav- 
ery, they then became more passive and less resistant. 

When man develops to that state that he will not 
have to resist his own kind, it will be because men will 
be intelligent enough to cease their aggression against 
each other, they will then act co-operatively in resist- 
ing all other things not human. This new social order 
will then afford security and happiness of life to all 
deserving it. The resistance of the down trodden 
against the aggressive rich, which many today mistake 
to be a just competition between man and man for sur- 
vival of the fit, in reality will be replaced by a form of 
human competition, based upon plenty for all deserving 
it, and the competition then will be the competition of 
merit for higher human development. 

Today we in reality have no competition between 



100 The Spirit of the Middle Ages Here 

the great masses and the few who control them, for the 
few are so powerful that they permit of very little com- 
petition between themselves and the great bulk of 
people. 

The spirit of the middle ages is still with man. At 
one time the nobility made it a disgrace for one of their 
kind to fight a duel with one not of their class ; yet, this 
same nobleman would murder secretly or openly in a 
cold-blooded manner the plebian who dared to offend 
him, without suffering any inconvenience for his crime. 
The nobleman made the law and usually made it to 
suit himself. Can you consider such to have been com- 
petition between the nobleman and those whom he 
forced below him? Such is, in fact, the kind of com- 
petition in a way that exists today between the mon- 
eyed class and the great working class; if you can real- 
ly call it competition. To have competition one must 
compete, but in ninety cases out of a hundred the great 
working class are never permitted by the ruling class 
to compete with them. 

The spirit of man's resistance to the evils which 
the few inflict upon the majority of mankind, is not 
really the spirit of competition, as we understand it to- 
day. As man grows more intelligent, he learns that 
co-operation with his fellow man for the necessities of 
life gives him what he needs more easily. But under 
a system where proper and systematic co-operation is 
forbidden and defeated, the great majority of people 
are forced to become resistant to the evils forced upon 
them. 

The masses have always been forced out of ab- 
solute necessity, to practice resistance to certain forms 
of ethics and morals made for them by their conquerors 
and masters. Military conquerors and religious mas- 
ters established their rule and power by what they 
called Divine right. The Divine rights of kings became 



Divine Rights. 101 



proverbial. The masses were taught that the king 
could do no wrong, and as all the nobility were simply 
the retainers of the king and benefited by his rule, and 
upheld the power of the king, they in turn, were pro- 
tected by his Divine Right. So in upholding each other, 
their own made law was sufficient to put them beyond 
the people who had little or no rights worth speaking 
of ; and when the people, under great oppression and suf- 
fering questioned the Divine Rights of the ruling class 
by something stronger than mere petitioning of greiv- 
ances, then the divine righters grew exceedingly wrath 
and murdered enough of their helpless subjects to quiet 
the rest, and enforce the sacred and holy belief in their 
divine rule and privileges. 

The government of Russia today is a splendid ex- 
ample of those w T ho still claim this Divine right of rule 
and privilege. The ruling class of that country from the 
King down uphold by their own made legalized edicts, 
their privileges to rob, oppress and keep the great bulk 
of 150 million peasants in the darkest ignorance. These 
millions of deluded peasants have been forced to believe 
in the divine rights of their Kings. To them, "the King 
can do no wrong," is holy. Those fearless men and 
women who attempt to tear away this veil of ignorance 
and lighten the heavy burdens of these millions of de- 
luded people, if caught in the act by the ruling class, suf- 
fer the penalty of a prison sentence, that is worse than 
death itself. And yet with all this vile and degrading 
civilization about us, we still have men tell us that there 
is a chance for every one who wants it. 

The spirit of non-resistance is a spirit that never ex- 
isted permanently in man, brute or plant. The spirit of 
resistance must be the force used against the spirit of ag- 
gression, because the spirit of aggression is ever being 
used by one form of life against another for its food or 



102 Weaken Themselves. 

safety. These two opposing forces are ever present in 
the universe. 

The spirit of aggression and resistance is being 
practiced every second of every minute by one form of 
life against another. Man kills and eats other forms of 
life in order to live, and other forms live upon man. All 
forms of life live upon life, or what was living matter, 
Protein is the main constituent of any form of living 
matter, and only exists in living matter, or what was liv- 
ing matter, and without it as food, man or any other 
form of life would cease to exist. But those forms of 
life that live or try to live upon their own kind by ag- 
gression, weaken their corporate powers. The aggres- 
sion and competition of the savage against the savage is 
and has always been greater than that which exists be- 
tween the more civilized man. Savages as a rule, were 
almost continually at war with one another, thus killing 
each other directly for what they needed or wanted. 
Civilized man has advanced a step further; instead of kill- 
ing each other directly for what they needed as the sav- 
ages did, a minority class exploits a majority class under 
capitalism of today, as much as they can. 

As the actual acts of cannibalism for food and for 
human sacrifice in religious ceremonials have been abol- 
ished by human society, so the future society will abolish 
the kind of competition that exists now between men for 
the necessities of life. 

Men in the future will not waste their energies 
righting one another in the production of the things they 
need, but they will join hands to get and enjoy those 
necessities and luxuries which advanced civilization re- 
quires and demands. 

As lawful as private industries and labor competi- 
tive methods are today, the time will come when the in- 
dustrial chaos, as we have it now, will be considered as 
criminal, brutal and inhuman as we consider today can- 



Lawful Acts. 103 



nibalism, murder, and the sacrifice of human beings in 
religrous rites, as performed by savages years ago. 

Not many centuries ago, savages believed canni- 
balism a holy rite, by which to honor and propitiate 
their Gods. The same, in a sense, was true of the Eu- 
ropeans during the middle ages, when they were steep- 
ed in the practices of the most holy religious rites ; 
then robbery, murder and chattel slavery were deemed 
lawful acts, by those who were in power. Men in pow- 
er fought and robbed the masses under all sorts of pre- 
texts. Whether it was the nobleman, in his strong 
fortress, robbing the people, or fighting and murdering 
his neighbors to gain more loot or territory ; or, wheth- 
er the Church blessed her sons and daughters who 
dealt in human slavery, or who gave special sanction 
and blessing to men during war times for murdering 
one another ; all of these acts, it makes no difference 
which, were acts once considered holy and respectable, 
but are now condemned by intelligent people as vile and 
inhuman. 

Today we consider any set of men who attempt to 
act as these ancient lords and barons did, as common 
thieves and murderers ; so will future man consider the 
present acts of capitalism as murderous, inhuman, and 
worthy of men only of the lower types. The bull dog 
man will give way to the watch dog man ; he will pre- 
serve for use, and not destroy thru savagery for profit. 

The non-resistance to evil, which (the Buddistic 
faith teaches has been practiced by its adherents for 
thousands of years. This religion has taught that evil 
was so supreme in the world, that man, by resisting 
evil, only created greater evil. As a people, the follow- 
ers of the Buddistic faith, developed a passive psychol- 
ogy, as the Christion followers did later, toward what 
was bad in the world. To resist evil, was evil. This 
false teaching made the many millions of India so pas- 



104 Dogmatic Religious Slav ery. 

sive and non-resistant, that those who ruled them, did 
so without much physical effort. The ruling classes 
enslaved the people mentally, and controlled them by 
this method physically, so that uprisings of any kind by 
Buddistic followers for centuries and centuries, were 
very rare. 

These great masses of non-resistant people were 
so mentally enslaved and believed so thoroughly in 
such false teachings, that for centuries they lived in 
ignorance, filth and disease, and produced nothing of 
value for mankind's benefit, compared to their neighbors, 
the Europeans, who fought and resisted the evils of 
Kings and religious teachers who ruled them falsely. 

The beautiful idealisms of Brahma and Buddha were 
prostituted by the grossest religious idolatries and vilest 
ceremonialisms, by those in economic power, who thus 
kept the masses of India in mental stupor. 

The followers of Buddhism and Brahmanism thru 
thousands of years of animalism, have not profited by 
their belief in non-resistance to human misery and evil. 
Such stupid beliefs produced only evil and misery among 
them. It has only been by the reflection from the great 
radical resistant thinkers and workers of Europe and 
America, who fought and opposed human evil as created 
by man himself, that the people of India are beginning to 
awaken to the new realization of what lies before them 
in the way of industrial and religious freedom. While 
this new era has not yet made itself felt thoughout the 
whole of India, yet, this giant nation of three hundred and 
fifty millions of people, are slowly awakening from their 
long lethargy, of ignorance, disease and the stupid sup- 
erstitions of dogmatic religious slavery that have bound 
them hand and foot for centuries. 

Those forms of life that are to live successfully, 
whether man or animal, must do so by aggression and 
resistance to other forms of life, not their own. The 



Bird, Worm, Leaves, Parasites, Man. 105 

robin lives upon the worm; the worm upon the leaves; 
the tree and leaves upon decayed matter, or what was 
once living animal or vegetable matter; so the spirit of 
resistance of the higher forms of gregarious life against 
danger or evil from out side sources or from other forms 
of life, produces and develops an intelligent spirit of co- 
operation to be used against all other forms and forces 
for their own benefit. + * 

It is the gathering of the individual units of one 
form of life into a co-operative mass that conduces to their 
better preservation. This co-operation provides better 
means for such a mass to destroy life other than their 
own for food purposes, or for protection, such as is done 
by man when he scientifically destroys pests, or uses 
other forms of life, such as the breeding of cattle, for 
eating purposes. 

Intelligent people, today, in order to exterminate 
pests of any kind, such as flies, vermin, bugs or mos- 
quitos, cry aloud thru their newspapers and periodicals; 
for greater co-operation. Those who learn the lesson 
and co-operate, gladly kill all the flies, mosquitos, 
roaches and rats that they can. We kill the diphtheria 
germ by anti-toxin injections, and have the greatest 
desire to kill all kinds of bacteria by the use of anti- 
septics, in order to save our lives from their attacks. 
We have not as yet learned to kill the tubercle bacilli 
directly, without killing the individual who has tuber- 
culosis ; however, when we can do this we will do so 
with the greatest pleasure and satisfaction. 

The rich are subjected to diseases over which they 
have no control as yet, such as cancer, goitre, diseases, 
of premature senility and others too numerous to men- 
tion. Show the cure for such diseases and see how 
quickly the rich will furnish money and procure the 
very best medical attention to help or cure their con- 
dition; but on the other hand, show the cause and cure 



106 Constructive and Destructive Com: 



c .. 



for economic conditions that indirectly produce so much 

: ± :::rauce. iisease and misery o:::::vv the great major- 
ity of people, and you are called a crank 

We kill lawfully, today, oxen. cows, sheep, fowl and 

what not to live upon, and it is right and natural that 

r do this; but for man to live upon his own kind by 

o .ompetitive destructive system in the production of 

the necessities of life is inhumanly stupid, and in the 

r end weakens man himself and his progeny in the strug- 
§;le for existence While mans ::~:e:::::: against 

mother forms of life is constructive to himself, the com- 
petition between, man and man for vrhat they have con- 
quered and rmd more than sufficient for all. is destruc- 
tive and debasing t: society, and is suicidal and dan- 
gerous to human v.- el: are. 



CONCLUSION. 

In cmclnsiou v.-e v.-eulc say there is no question 
vhicic ::n:erns or shculi interest tee cereac masses :: 
coeole in the vvrli tc day. as much as the social and 
^ -_-- = -'-.-- -evoriinr; the hi eh tost :■: living. 

It is the vital :o.esti:n of tee Stru ? ~le f:r Existence: 
so attlv exeresseo ev Valahus ani hioh. when reoi 
':_-■- Pawm let:: him cut :: :to:s on: :e~noerment :n 
- scvercitt: researthes into the rlear too sunshine 
:: theuvlo: v.ohich consummated in his Survival of the 
Titles: 

It is undoubtedly true, that in order for any people 
to be healthy, progressive and cultured, the energy 
which they use in maintaining themselves must be less 
than the product of their toil. In other words, there 
must always be a surplus of food and social products 
from the energy used in acquiring them. 



Must Children Bear Poverty. 107 

This surplus in our day has been made possible by 
the ingenuity of man in adding contrivances, known as 
inventions, which help many fold his physical efforts. 

In these modern times we find that the production of 
human necessities by man's physical power alone, or by 
living- horse power alone, can never solve the problem of 
mankind's maintenance. Today we reckon the work of 
an inanimate engine in five or ten thousand horse 
power. Individual production has been almost entirely 
superseded by social production for this reason. 

Thru man's inventions which is nothing more than 
the practical application of his conscious knowledge to 
the laws of Nature, he has accomplished in the way of 
increased production of food, clothing and sheltering 
supplies, what, at one time, seemed to the superstitious 
and the ignorant, only miracles could accomplish. 

With all the conscious ability of man to easily pro- 
duce all the necessities he requires for the present, and 
security for the future, we still have many tell us, in 
spite of man's wonderful discoveries and inventions, that 
in order for man to succeed, he must and shall struggle 
thru ignorance, hardship, and privation, by the man 
against man competition process for his maintenance, 
and the maintenance of his children : and that his children 
must bear the fruits of his poverty and ignorance. They 
would have you believe that it is not possible to lighten 
man's struggle to live by any other way but what exists 
at present, and that man must produce first, for the pur- 
pose of profit, and not for use. They do not believe that 
an Industrial Democracy, or the common ownership by 
the people of all public utilities, industries, natural re- 
sources, democratically managed as you would manage 
a trust, or a gigantic corporation, is possible to be pro- 
duced. 

However, many millions of people believe more 
and more every day that such a new order of so- 
ciety, known as an Industrial Commonwealth, is possible 



108 Religious, Political and Econom ic Bigots. 

and is bound to come, and that in such a new order there 
will be produced in the future man and women, a moral 
and ethical incentive, based upon human justice, which 
will lift the future idealogy of man above the brute, 
and will develop instincts of real justice, real morality, 
real ethics, in which those human expressions of human 
sympathy, feeling and kindness will not be like the 
mere brute or animal, turned only to its own young, but 
to all mankind, for all mankind's better preservation and 
happiness. 

In spite of all this, we hear daily, many intelligent 
but misguided men and women, ready to condemn any 
radical measure to help make human existence more 
comfortable. They say it is impossible for the great 
masses to live co-operatively; that man by nature is 
too selfish. They forget in their argument, that in the 
scale of human development the standard of progress 
is determined solely by the amount of co-operation the 
people use in every walk of life. 

Again, we have an ignorant and bigoted class, who 
would denounce any new deviation from custom, — re- 
ligious, political or industrial, as heretical or traitorous ; 
then, again, we have that class of wilful misrepresent- 
ers, who work upon the fears of the ignorant, supersti- 
tious and bigoted classes, just mentioned, and who 
keep the world blinded. Truly, by such a union the 
progress of mankind has surely been trammeled, until 
it is a great wonder that man has even thus far ad- 
vanced. 

Those religious, political and commercial bigots, 
tell us that the system of capitalism, as it is today, is 
best for man and must continue to exist, and that the 
common ownership of all the means of production is 
absurd and would be harmful to the people. They de- 
nounce such a future system with a splenic hatred, wor- 
thy of the reddest tailed devils, and condemn those ad- 



The Golden Rule. 109 

vocatfng such principles as fiendish or wolfish, while in 
most cases they profess a Godly religion of compassion, 
tenderness and love, and advocate the Golden Rule of 
"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." 
Yet they tell us in the same breath, without the music, 
that man is too selfish to own, work and share co-opera- 
tively all the means and results of human production. 
They do not tell the people that under such an 
Industrial Commonwealth, those very selfish human 
instincts that have been developed during the 
struggle for existence, would be best satisfied. 
Instead of preserving the lives of most all mankind 
thru selfishness, or what I would better call self-pres- 
ervation, by co-operation in the common ownership of 
all public necessities, these certain classes would have 
mankind believe, that human life is best served by suf- 
fering thru the man against man struggle for existence. 
Was anything ever more childish, harmful, absurd or 
brutal than such beliefs? 

These people either do not know, or forget to tell 
you, that human advancement, not only creates a de- 
sire for the ordinary necessities required for the day to 
day living, but that, also, human progress and culture 
demands the arts, luxuries and other refinements pro- 
duced by modern civilization. 

Human co-operation in every walk of life develops 
the best human instincts, such as sympathy, pity and 
kindness. Human co-operation not only preserves life, 
but by furnishing the necessities of food, clothing and 
shelter, brings happiness and produces incentives for 
greater co-operation and self-protection among all man- 
kind. Human intelligence and co-operation is greater 
today than it has ever been, as far as we know; and 
human conditions are better. If this were not true, time, 
space and energy in advocating a greater and better co- 



110 Cooperation Continually Increasing. 

operation in the production and distribution of life's 
necessities would be useless and foolish. 

But the advocating of such better civilized methods 
is neither useless or foolish, and from what we know 
of the past we can be optimistic for the future. While 
such a new order in society would not produce per- 
fection, however, living conditions would be improved 
beyond imagination. 

As the years go by the great civilized nations are co- 
operating more and more. Mankind of the future will 
not be satisfied with the inefficient co-operation of today 
which takes in only the schools, public parks, fire 
engine houses, play grounds, the building of a Panama 
Canal, postal service, private corporation hospitals, cor- 
poration water companies, other corporations more or 
less private or public; all these at the present time car. 
be considered in a very unsatisfactory and inefficient 
development. 

While the present co-operative development and use 
of these various public, and semi-public institutions is 
good, there is only one draw-back that prevents their 
greater efficiency, and that is, as I have said before, that 
they are not co-operative enough. They can be mace a 
great deal better and more effective by extending the co- 
operative plan to the public ownership of all places 
where public necessities are either produced or trans- 
ported; such as, railroads, telephones, telegraph, mines, 
mills, factories, forests, etc. 

Under such a democratic system of industrial and 
social co-operation, the merit system among men would 
develop to the highest point. The race for human ad- 
vancement, which is closed to so many millions of people 
today would, thru the equal opportunity which su: 
system would afford, be open to almost all. Those who 
would neither strive or work, would be barred from ad- 
vancing more than they are today. 



Equal Opportunity Does Not Mean Equal Sharing. Ill 

A system of human society that would give such 
equal opportunity to its members, would be stirred to 
such depths, that ambition and incentive in the various 
walks of life, would produce a thousand or more great 
men and women to one as today. The race would be 
keener, safer, and the rewards would be crowned with 
enough for every one, and special honors to those worthy 
and more gifted in the various walks of life. 

Thus, human incentive based upon human nature,, 
past and present, would be instilled to greater efforts, and 
man would at last take the position for which his intel- 
lectual crown fits him. He would then be, indeed, a con- 
scious God-like creature. 

But many would have you believe that this newer 
and higher order of human existence can never be 
brought about, because man by nature is too selfish. 
They forget, or do not know, that self preservation or 
selfishness, can only be best satisfied by this greater co- 
operation in all the pursuits of life. 

IF CO-OPERATION IS GOOD FOR THE CAP- 
ITALISTS BY ELIMINATING WASTE AND PRO- 
DUCING MOORE PROFITS, WHY IS IT NOT 
THEN GOOD FOR ALL THE PEOPLE? 

I have said very little in detail of those great human 
ills, such as poverty, sexual diseases, criminality, insani- 
ty, and alcoholism. It would take several volumes alone 
to deal with these products of capitalism. Over eighty 
per cent of all poverty, unquestionably, is due to the 
present capitalistic system. Poverty, in turn, breeds 
prostitution for profit ; prostitution, in turn, is the great- 
disseminator of sexual diseases, that infiltrate the whole 
human race, producing human degeneration with its, 
natural sequela, criminality and insanity. Insanity is re- 
sponsible for the greatest number of criminal acts per- 
petrated against the person. Eight out of every ten crim- 
inals confined in the United States and English prisons,. 



112 Crime and Prostitution. 

are criminals due to crimes committed against the pres- 
ent capitalistic system ; such as acts of forgery, stealing 
for the purpose of profit, or for the purpose of giving 
food, shelter and clothing to depending ones. Only ten 
per cent of all criminals, so classed as criminals, are real- 
ly criminals ; and that is because they are perverts, be- 
ing insane or partially so, and the greatest number of 
these ten per cent of perverted degenerates are the fruits 
of our capitalistic system, which have been in the making 
for two or three generations or more. This same present 
capitalistic system is reaping a greater and richer harvest 
of criminal degenerates and insane for the future than 
the world has ever known. 

Extreme wealth demoralizes mankind, almost, if not 
more than extreme poverty ; while poverty kills the 
masses by common diseases and mal-nutrition and 
breeds a race of unfits, the extreme wealthy, also, in 
turn, suffer from brain and spinal degeneration which 
produce physical degeneration and insanity thru their 
excesses in living, that also breeds another race of 
unfits. 

While alcoholism is an important adjunct to human 
depravity and misery, as a poison fed to the people, it 
could be eliminated in a generation or two, if alcohol and 
its various derivatives cease to be produced for profit 
under private ownership. Remove the cause — profit — 
which forces people to make and sell liquor, and the traf- 
fic would be exterminated in a short time. But as alco- 
hol is made and sold for the purpose of gain, there will 
always be men, under the capitalistic system, who will 
make and sell spirited liquors, even if they have to sec- 
retly make and sell it under a capitalistic prohibition sys- 
tem. In a word profit will be the incentive for doing so. 

But under an Industrial Commonwealth, liquors 
would be produced for medicinal purposes only, and 
would not be sold to the public, as a beverage. The 
drinking of wines, whiskey and other liquors, would 



The Industrial Commonwealth — How? 113 

soon be forgotten by the great public, except, perhaps, 
for some few cases who become liquor or drug fiends in 
spite of the closest prohibition. The majority of the 
three hundred thousand cocaine and morphine fiends, 
in this country are produced by the illicit traffic for profit, 
which stimulates the sale of these drugs. Alcohol drink- 
ers in the U. S. number about fifty or sixty million, 80 
or 90 per cent of which is due to the present capitalistic 
system which produces liquors and stimulates its sale for 
the purpose of profit. 

Industrial co-operation by the establishment of an 
Industrial Commonwealth to be democratically man- 
aged and owned by the people, is the only rational and 
logical solution for the great majority of these human 
ills, which retard the intelligent progress of man. 

That such an Industrial Commonwealth will finally 
come, there is no question ; but as to the exact methods 
that will bring his change about, no one can tell. 
Whether it will be by the government gradually 
buying up all the trusts and industries, and issuing 
bonds as payment, or by confiscating them without any 
payment whatever, or by the great mass of workers, 
who will finally take them over by direct action, I do 
not know. But when such an Industrial Commonwealth 
is finally brought about and made effective, woe betide 
the man or set of men who would attempt to destroy 
such a system! The great masses of Catholics, Pro- 
testants, Jews, Moslems, Buddhists, mental and phy- 
sical workers of whatever faith, creed, color or nation 
participating in such benefits, would act as one, and 
they would, without religious prejudices or other dif- 
ferences, decree the speedy extermination of such hu T 
man enemies. 

There was a time when men were like animals. 
They had to find their food by killing other wild ani- 
mals, The intelligence of man #\m wm y§ry \qw, and 



114 Today and the Day Before. 

their necessities were the necessities of the animal. Al- 
most up to the time of the fifteenth century, the grea*- 
masses of people did not know what it was to have pic- 
tures, rugs, carved chairs, or any kind of ornaments in 
their homes. If there were such ornaments in the 
world, the nobility were the only ones who possessed 
them. The development of the arts was of such 
a low standard at that time, that it was a very 
rare thing, even for the nobility to possess such cultur- 
al decorations. The manner of living and the decora- 
tions of the home were, indeed, very crude, as the great 
masses of people were a little above the savage in in- 
telligence. It is not far fetched to say, that at that time* 
not one in ten thousand could read or write. Before 
Guttenberg invented the printing press, there were very 
few books, and these were done by hand. There were 
no newspapers with which to enlighten the people; no 
railroads, telegraph or telephone to bring them into 
closer communication; and those men and women who 
were born in a certain locality, as a rule, lived and died 
there. 

Today, things are greatly changed. We have won- 
derful inventions, almost beyond the belief of the wild- 
est imagination. Messages can be sent around the 
world almost as quickly as one can think. Railroads 
transport the people from one part of the globe to the 
other in the very shortest time. This intermingling and 
ready communication which the people can so easily 
accomplish, permits of a rapid radiation of knowledge. 
The people living in the United States today are al- 
most as well acquainted with what is going on in Eng- 
land as the Englishmen are and vica versa. The ordi- 
nary home today is ornamented with works of art which 
even those who lived in palaces in mediavel times, did 
not possess. 

The people today, thru their greater intelligence? 



What Intelligent Custom Dictates. 115 

have acquired the habit of desiring those things which 
go to* make modern culture, and it is well that it is so. 
If it were not so, and they desired to live as they did 
years ago, they probably could, if they would undergo 
great privations and did not care for the contempt 
of their neighbors. But what intelligent house-wife, if 
she could help it, would permit herself and family to live 
in one or two rooms, while the basement of the same 
house was being used for sheltering and taking care of 
the cattle, as people formerly lived. What sane, modern, 
intelligent being would want to change to this old cattle 
way of living? Modernism does not ask you to live its 
way, but demands it of you whether you want it or not. 
Since that is the case, we have to find the way to live 
in the manner modern intelligent custom dictates; that 
means proper dress, up-to-date modern hygenic homes, 
paved streets, public parks, public playgrounds, and 
many other public necessities too numerous to mention. 
To the human race modern customs, as a whole, are 
better, saner and nobler than the customs of any civiliza- 
tion of which we have a history. 

As these customs are better and more civilized, and 
the requirements to live according to them are so many, 
we find that only a complicated, well arranged and sys- 
tematic method for the production and distribution of 
modern necessities can maintain what we have estab- 
lished. 

Today, the work of the laborer, or the researches 
of the greatest scientist is dependent upon some one 
else. The scientist, who studies bacteriology, for in- 
stance, is dependent for his work upon the dye maker, 
who produces the stains, the manner of making which, 
the bacteriologist knows little or nothing about, but 
which make possible his discoveries. There is not one 
surgeon in a hundred or a thousand, performing suc- 
cessful operations, who knows how to make the anaes- 
thetics and antiseptics that make their surgery a success. 



116 The Struggle of Mankind and Ignorance, 

Without these instruments of help what wcuid surgery 
amount to? So, in every walk of life, today, from the 
moment we rise in the morning, until the time of retiring 
the beds in which we sleep, the bed clothes that cover s 
the soap with which we wash, the water and food we 
drink and eat, the streets and instruments of transporta- 
tion we use, — all are made possible only by the socialized 
work of millions of others. 

To carry on such a com: homed s::ml 5 -.-stem of 
living, and to have the many millions of workers re- 
- e sufficient to clothe and feed them properly, and 
to intelligently and erhiciently educate their children, 
there reus: be produced a better co-operative industrial 
system than we have today. In a word, individual in- 
cus::;.- reus: give way to moderr. socialized industries, 
owned and operated by ad :he people. As savagery 
was succeeded by barbarism, barbarism by civilization, 
so chattel slaver;.' was succeeded by feudalism, and 
feudalism bv capitalism: so in turn mus: capitalism be 
succeeded by the next social order, the Industrial Com- 
monwealth. 

After reading this little work, the reader may du- 
ally ask the question: — Is it not a fact that human 
competition, in the struggle for life, d : c- s exist an: that 
at present such a struggle is greater than the struggle 
Between man and the other elements not human: 
While the fact of man to man struggle cannot be de- 
nied, yet such a struggle has only been in proportion 
to the ignorance of the people. Where ignorance has 
given way to intelligence, so in proportion, has human 
competition for life's necessities given way t: closer 
:: -operation in their production, which has resulted in 
human life becoming more sacred, secure and happy 
in fulfilling its better existence. 

As barbarism was better for man 'than savagery, 
and civilization better than barabarism, so, in the cul- 



Greater Incentive 11? 



tural growth of human affairs, will an Industrial Com- 
monwealth, democratically managed by the people, be a 
step beyond the wastefulness of the present capitalistic 
system. 

The new human order will usher in a better human 
existence, of whose triumphal accomplishments, man 
will have cause to be proud and which triumphs will 
be the foundation for greater incentive, achievements, 
and human happiness. 

A memorable address by William Pitt on the "Abo- 
lition of Slavery," delivered over 125 years ago, teaches 
us that the virtues of his times are the crimes of today, 
and the crimes of his day were the virtues of the day 
before. His words, in part, are as follows: 

"Time was when white slaves were exported 
like cattle from the British Coast and exposed 
for sale in the markets. These men and wom- 
en who were thus sold were supposed to be 
guilty of witchcraft, debt, blasphemy or theft. 
Or else they were prisoners taken in war — they 
had forfeited their right to freedom, and we 
sold them. We said they were incapable of 
self-government and so must be looked after. 
Later we quit selling British slaves, but began 
to buy and trade in African humanity. We sil- 
lenced conscience by saying, "It's all right — 
they are incapable of self-government." We 
were once as obscure, as debased, as ignorant, 
as barbaric, as the African is now. I trust that 
the time will come when we are willing to give 
to Africa the opportunity, the hope the right to 
attain to the same blessings that we ourselves 
enjoy." 

Those in power today are silencing their con- 
sciences to the injury and harm being done the human 



118 Birth of Greater Freedom. 

race by the continuation of the present industrial sys- 
tem. Why? Not that those in power have less love in 
their hearts than their fellow unfortunates, — but they 
are driven by a system that whispers, crush, grind, and 
get what you can. Make what profit you can from the 
exploitation of your fellowman. When, oh heavens ! will 
man become free, — free from the influences of a sys- 
tem, that debases, corrupts, and makes barbaric what 
could and should be a splendid, glorious and noble civ- 
ilization. 

While the stupidity and animalism of mankind 
made the capitalistic system a necessary step for man 
to free himself from chattel slavery, and the feudal slave 
system, it has outlived its usefulness, and has now be- 
come the great obstacle to the universal progress of 
man. 

From the womb of feudalism, capitalism was given 
birth. That birth meant the death of its parent. So 
from the loins of capitalism will come its offspring, 
'The Industrial Commonwealth" which will mean the 
death of capitalism, and the birth of greater freedom for 
the human race. 



